إحاطة توجيهية في قيرغيزستان

قيرغيزستان دولة تقع في آسيا الوسطى، تتميز بجمال طبيعي لا يُضاهى وبتقاليد رعوية عريقة. ضمّت الإمبراطورية الروسية معظم أراضي قيرغيزستان الحالية في عام 1876. وشن القيرغيز في عام 1916 ثورة كبرى ضد الإمبراطورية القيصرية، قُتل خلالها ما يقارب سُدس السكان القيرغيز. أصبحت قيرغيزستان جمهورية سوفيتية في عام 1926، ونالت استقلالها في عام 1991 عند تفكك الاتحاد السوفيتي. أدت المظاهرات الواسعة في عامي 2005 و2010 إلى الإطاحة بأول رئيسين للبلاد، أسكار أكاييف وكورمانبيك باكييف. أُدّي ألماظبيك أتامباييف اليمين رئيسًا في عام 2011. وفي عام 2017، أصبح أتامباييف أول رئيس قيرغيزستاني يُكمل ولايته كاملة ويحترم الحدود الدستورية لمدد الرئاسة، إذ تنحى طوعًا عند انتهاء ولايته. وخلفه سورونباي جينبيكوف، وهو رئيس وزراء سابق وعضو في حزب الاشتراكيين الديمقراطيين الحاكم في قيرغيزستان، بعد فوزه في انتخابات الرئاسة لعام 2017، وهي الأكثر تنافسية في تاريخ البلاد على الرغم من حالات موثّقة لشراء الأصوات وإساءة استخدام الموارد العامة.

وفي عام 2020، امتدت الاحتجاجات ضد نتائج الانتخابات البرلمانية إلى مختلف أنحاء قيرغيزستان، مما أدى إلى استقالة جينبيكوف وإلى وصول صادر جاباروف، الذي كان مسجونًا من قبل، إلى منصب الرئيس بالوكالة. وفي عام 2021، انتخب القيرغيزستانيون جاباروف رئيسًا للبلاد بشكل رسمي، وصادقوا على استفتاء لتحويل قيرغيزستان من نظام برلماني إلى نظام رئاسي. وفي عام 2021 أيضًا، صوّت القيرغيزستانيون لصالح تعديلات دستورية عززت السلطة في يد الرئاسة. وحققت الأحزاب الموالية للحكومة الأغلبية في الانتخابات التشريعية لعام 2021. وتظل الشواغل المستمرة لقيرغيزستان تتمثل في مسار التحول الديمقراطي، والفساد المستشري، والعلاقات الإقليمية المتوترة، والهشاشة أمام تغير المناخ، ونقاط الضعف في أمن الحدود، والتهديدات الإرهابية المحتملة.

Demonstrations happen regularly in Bishkek and elsewhere across the country. Most demonstrations are peaceful but can turn violent, with little or no warning. On 17 and 18 May 2024, 41 people were injured in Bishkek in Kyrgyz protests against South Asian migrant workers and students.

Avoid crowds and demonstrations, check for updates on local media and follow the advice of local authorities.

Before you travel

No travel can be guaranteed safe. Read all the advice in this guide. You may also find it helpful to: 

• see general advice for women travellers
• read our guide on disability and travel abroad
• see general advice for LGBT+ travellers
• read about safety for solo and independent travel
• see advice on volunteering and adventure travel abroad

Travel insurance

If you choose to travel, research your destinations and get appropriate travel insurance. Insurance should cover your itinerary, planned activities and expenses in an emergency.

About FCDO travel advice

The Foreign, Commonwealth & Development Office (FCDO) provides advice about risks of travel to help you make informed decisions. Find out more about FCDO travel advice.

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You should also read FCDO’s overall travel advice and regional risks advice.

Terrorism

There is a high threat of terrorist attack globally affecting UK interests and British nationals, including from groups and individuals who view the UK and British nationals as targets. Stay aware of your surroundings at all times.

UK Counter Terrorism Policing has information and advice on staying safe abroad and what to do in the event of a terrorist attack. Find out how to reduce your risk from terrorism while abroad.

Terrorism in Kyrgyzstan

Terrorist attacks in Kyrgyzstan cannot be ruled out.

Attacks could be indiscriminate, including in places visited by foreign nationals. Be alert for any security related announcements by the Kyrgyz authorities.

Political situation

Demonstrations happen regularly in Bishkek and elsewhere across the country. Most demonstrations are peaceful but can turn violent, with little or no warning. On 17 and 18 May 2024, 41 people were injured in Bishkek in Kyrgyz protests against South Asian migrant workers and students.

Avoid crowds and demonstrations, check for updates on local media and follow the advice of local authorities.

Crime

Protecting yourself and your belongings

Street crime is a risk, including bag-snatching and mugging. Take care if you go out alone or use public transport and consider using private cars or pre-arranged taxis at night.

Do not show large amounts of money and be wary of strangers offering help or being over-friendly.

Be careful when using currency exchange offices and visiting the bazaars in Bishkek, particularly Osh Bazaar, where pickpockets target tourists.

Use caution and take measures to reduce your personal risk, such as: 

• keep sight of your belongings at all times  

• be aware of thieves using distraction techniques  

• avoid carrying all your valuables together in one place e.g. handbags or pockets 

• exercise a similar level of caution as you would in the UK

Drink spiking and sexual assault 

Drink spiking is a risk in nightclubs and bars and can lead to sexual assault. Alcohol and drugs can reduce your vigilance, making you less in control.

Buy your own drinks and always keep them in sight to avoid them being spiked. If you drink, know your limit. Avoid splitting up from your friends and do not go off with people you do not know. See Travel Aware ‘Stick with your mates’ for tips and advice.

Laws and cultural differences

Kyrgyzstan has a secular constitution. Most Kyrgyz people are Muslim. Respect local traditions, customs, laws and religions. Make sure your actions do not offend other cultures or religious beliefs, especially during the holy month of Ramadan or when you visit religious sites.

Ramadan 

Ramadan is a holy month for Muslims. The dates vary by year and country. Cafés and restaurants may amend their menus and be busy around fast-breaking (‘Iftar’). Areas around mosques are also likely to be busy around prayer times. Take particular care not to offend religious sensitivities at this time.

Personal ID

You must always carry your passport, or a notarised copy of it, with you at all times. The police can arrest you if you do not carry ID. You can be arrested if you fail to do so. You can get a copy of your passport notarised in the UK and translated into Kyrgyz or Russian, or use a copy notarised in Kyrgyzstan.

Illegal drugs and prison sentences

It is illegal to possess or use drugs. You could get a lengthy prison sentence if convicted. Prison conditions are basic.

The police conduct regular drug raids in bars and night clubs. Police will be masked and armed. Stay calm and follow instructions. If you are not carrying and have not taken drugs you are normally asked for identification and then allowed to leave.

Alcohol laws 

It is illegal to sell alcohol to someone aged 18 or under. Drinking in public is prohibited, and violators may face a 1,000 KGS fines or even imprisonment.

E-cigarettes

It is illegal to bring e-cigarettes, vaping devices and solutions into Kyrgyzstan or to buy and sell them. Customs officials will confiscate these items; and they could fine or detain you.

Prohibited material   

It is prohibited to bring certain material into Kyrgyzstan. This includes material which promotes war, terrorism, religious hatred or racism and pornographic content.

Using cameras and drones in secure areas

It is illegal to take photos of or use drones near anything related to the military or security, including border checkpoints, military sites and police stations. Check carefully that you are not near any military or security facilities.

Check if you can import and use your model of drone with the Kyrgyz Embassy.

Social media

Be careful when posting images of your visit on social media as offence can be taken. Take particular care with images or comments about public buildings, the Kyrgyz flag, national food or customs. Disrespectful content could result in fines or detention.

LGBT+ travellers

Same-sex relationships are legal but not often discussed or recognised publicly. Showing affection in public could result in a violent attack or unwanted attention. Same sex marriages are not recognised in Kyrgyz law.

Read more advice for LGBT+ travellers.

Power cuts

There are frequent power cuts throughout Kyrgyzstan during the winter.

Money 

The currency in Kyrgyzstan is the Kyrgyz som (KGS), and is usually not available in currency exchanges outside Kyrgyzstan.   

ATMs are widely available in main cities and usually distribute Kyrgyz som and US dollars.  You should pay with KGS but USD is a universal currency, and may be accepted in certain situations. ATMs sometimes have a maximum som withdrawal limit. This varies from bank to bank, but is often around 10,000 KGS. ATMs are also usually available in smaller towns, though it may be more difficult to withdraw dollars outside main cities. Credit and debit cards are widely used around the country; VISA is accepted in most places, but MasterCard is sometimes not accepted. Payment by QR code is also common. Travellers’ cheques are not normally accepted.

Bring cash if you plan to travel to rural areas where ATMs may not be available.

US dollars are the most easily exchanged foreign currency. Notes from before 2007 usually are not accepted or subject to additional charge if changing to Kyrgyz som.

Outdoor activities and adventure tourism

Trekking and mountaineering

Trekking in Kyrgyzstan often involves travelling to very remote areas. There is a high risk of avalanches, landslides and rockfalls. Weather can change very quickly, and heavy snowfall can block roads and trekking routes, particularly in the autumn and winter.

At higher altitudes there is a possibility of snow even in the summer months, and a risk of sunstroke, serious sunburn and altitude sickness.

You should:

• get adequate insurance, including for any activity at high altitude
• use a reputable trekking agency
• let someone know when you plan to return
• not trek alone
• adapt your plans to reflect local conditions and advice

In remote areas, mobile phone or satellite phone coverage can be extremely limited. Medical facilities are basic, and difficult terrain can in some circumstances make it impossible for emergency services to reach you.

There is a basic mountain rescue service staffed by volunteers. The rescue equipment they have is limited. Mountain rescue 24-hour emergency number: +996 312 651 404.

Transport risks

Road travel 

If you’re planning to drive a hire car or a UK vehicle, see information on driving abroad. 

You can use a UK photocard driving licence to drive in Kyrgyzstan for up to 30 days. For stays longer than this, you’ll need to have both the 1968 version of the international driving permit (IDP) and your UK driving licence with you in the car. You cannot buy an IDP outside the UK, so get one before you travel. An IDP is valid for either 12 months or 3 years, depending on the type, and is issued for a fixed duration.

If you still have a paper driving licence, you may need to update it to a photocard licence or get the correct version of the international driving permit (IDP) as well.

You’re legally required to have third-party insurance. For more information, contact insurance companies in Kyrgyzstan.

Hire car companies often have stricter requirements for their customers, such as a minimum of one year of driving experience, a higher minimum age and holding an IDP.

Drink-driving is a serious offence in Kyrgyzstan. If you are tested and found to have any alcohol in your system, you may be fined and have your licence revoked for 1 year.

If the police stop you and issue a fine, they should give you a paper copy with instructions on how to pay. You can pay fines through a payment terminal or in a bank. Do not pay cash directly to police officers, although some may have a payment terminal you can use. Some fines may be reduced if you pay quickly. Payment terminals are available on streets and other places such as malls, grocery stores, kiosks and restaurants.

Kyrgyzstan road laws require you: 

• to drive on the right
• to wear seatbelts for drivers and all passengers
• not to use a mobile phone while driving

Driving safety

Many roads are poorly lit and not maintained, with road works or damaged roads often not clearly signposted. Watch out for pedestrians as they often have a low awareness of road safety. Roads outside of Bishkek are often blocked by snow in winter.

Take extra care when driving, particularly over long distances and avoid giving lifts to hitchhikers. Drivers have been robbed by people they picked up.

Road conditions can be poor in and around Bishkek, wherever possible use main roads when travelling.

Petrol stations are limited in rural areas and diesel is often unavailable. Make sure you take all you need for your journey.

Taxis and buses

Avoid flagging down taxis. Use licensed pre-ordered taxi services whenever possible, these are more reputable and have English-speaking dispatchers.

Avoid using local buses and minibuses if possible. They are not always maintained properly and pickpockets operate on them.

Air travel   

In May 2022, the UK sanctioned Aeroflot, Rossiya Airlines and Ural Airlines. It is now illegal under UK law for any British national or British company to do business with these airlines. This includes buying flight tickets.

The UK Air Safety List (ASL) lists all known airlines in Kyrgyzstan that do not meet international safety standards and are banned from operating commercial air services to, from, and within the UK. Check the UK Air Safety List when considering which airlines to fly with. The list is maintained by the Department for Transport, based on advice from the UK Civil Aviation Authority.

Check whether your tour operator has concerns about airlines in Kyrgyzstan.

Extreme weather and natural disasters

Find out what you can do to prepare for and respond to extreme weather and natural hazards.

Earthquakes

There is a high risk of earthquakes and tremors are frequent. Familiarise yourself with safety procedures and follow advice from local authorities. The US Federal Emergency Management Agency has information about what to do before, during and after an earthquake.

Avalanches and landslides

In the mountains, avalanches and landslides often block roads, particularly in the spring.

This section has safety advice for regions of Kyrgyzstan. It only covers regions where FCDO has specific advice.

You should also read FCDO’s overall travel advice and safety and security advice.

Kyrgyzstan-Tajikistan Border

There is a history of border clashes in this area, and the security situation can change at short notice. There have been no further clashes since the border agreement in 2025. There might be a risk of unexploded ordinance and mines, particularly in the border areas of the Batken region. Border areas may be subject to sudden restrictions on movement and a heightened security presence. You should exercise caution if travelling near the Kyrgyzstan–Tajikistan border, check local conditions before travel, and follow the advice of the local authorities.

Border crossings

Crossing the borders  can be complex, take local advice if you’re planning on crossing.

Check local media reports before you travel to see which border posts are open. Only use officially recognised border crossings. Border crossings can close at short notice.

Before you travel check that:

• your destination can provide the healthcare you may need
• you have appropriate travel insurance for local treatment or unexpected medical evacuation

This is particularly important if you have a health condition or are pregnant.

Emergency medical number

Call 103 and ask for an ambulance.

Contact your insurance company quickly if you’re referred to a medical facility for treatment.

Vaccine recommendations and health risks

At least 8 weeks before your trip:

• check the latest vaccine recommendations for Kyrgyzstan
• see where to get vaccines and whether you have to pay on the NHS travel vaccinations page

See what health risks you’ll face in Kyrgyzstan.

Altitude sickness is a risk in parts of Kyrgyzstan. Read more about altitude sickness on TravelHealthPro.

There have been several cases of anthrax, mainly in the south due to insufficient vaccination of animals. 

Air quality 

Air quality in Bishkek has deteriorated due to pollutants into the air, particularly during the winter months. Try to minimise your exposure to outside air by staying in an air-conditioned indoor place as much as possible, with windows and doors closed and well-sealed.

Regularly damp-dust all indoor surfaces, washing your hands afterwards. Monitor local reports and weather forecasts for the latest information and advice.

Medication

The legal status and regulation of some medicines prescribed or bought in the UK can be different in other countries.

Read best practice when travelling with medicines on TravelHealthPro.

Basic medicines including painkillers are available without a prescription. Most UK prescriptions are accepted in Kyrgyzstan, but you should phone a Kyrgyz pharmacy in advance to check. You may need to get your UK prescription translated into Russian or Kyrgyz. You can get a translation in Kyrgyzstan – find an interpreter or translator.

Some prescription medications are not widely available. Medications often come under different brand names, so ask for the drug’s generic name. If your medication is not available, you may be able to get it couriered from Russia or Turkey, though this could take time.

You may need to pay cash for medication.

Healthcare in Kyrgyzstan

The quality of medical care in Kyrgyzstan is not as high as the UK. Medical facilities are often badly equipped and unhygienic, with a limited supply of drugs. There is no guarantee that equipment will have been properly sterilised, especially in rural hospitals. Avoid all but basic or essential treatment in the event of an emergency. Make sure you have adequate travel health insurance and accessible funds to cover the cost of any medical treatment abroad and repatriation.

There is no reciprocal healthcare agreement between the UK and Kyrgyzstan.

FCDO has a list of medical providers in Kyrgyzstan where some staff will speak English.

Travel and mental health

Read FCDO guidance on travel and mental health. There is also mental health guidance on TravelHealthPro.