إحاطة توجيهية في المملكة العربية السعودية

Saudi Arabia is the birthplace of Islam and home to Islam's two holiest shrines in Mecca and Medina. The king's official title is the Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques. ABD AL-AZIZ bin Abd al-Rahman AL SAUD (Ibn Saud) founded the modern Saudi state in 1932 after a 30-year campaign to unify most of the Arabian Peninsula. One of his male descendants rules the country today, as required by the country's 1992 Basic Law. After Iraq invaded Kuwait in 1990, Saudi Arabia took in the Kuwaiti royal family and 400,000 refugees, while allowing Western and Arab troops to deploy on its soil and liberate Kuwait the following year. Major terrorist attacks in 2003 spurred a strong ongoing campaign against domestic terrorism and extremism. US troops returned to the Kingdom in 2019 after attacks on Saudi oil infrastructure.

From 2005 to 2015, King ABDALLAH bin Abd al-Aziz Al Saud incrementally modernized the Kingdom through a series of social and economic initiatives that included expanding employment and social opportunities for women, attracting foreign investment, increasing the private sector's role in the economy, and discouraging the hiring of foreign workers. Saudi Arabia saw some protests during the 2011 Arab Spring but not the level of bloodshed seen in protests elsewhere in the region; Riyadh took a cautious but firm approach, arresting and quickly releasing some protesters and using its state-sponsored clerics to counter political and Islamist activism. The government held its first-ever elections in 2005 and 2011, when Saudis voted for municipal councilors. King ABDALLAH's reforms accelerated under King SALMAN bin Abd al-Aziz, who ascended to the throne in 2015 and lifted the Kingdom's ban on women driving, implemented education reforms, funded green initiatives, and allowed cinemas to operate for the first time in decades. In 2015, women were allowed to vote and stand as candidates for the first time in municipal elections, with 19 women winning seats. King SALMAN initially named his nephew, MUHAMMAD BIN NAYIF bin Abd al-Aziz Al Saud, as the Crown Prince, but a palace coup in 2017 resulted in King SALMAN's son, Deputy Crown Prince MUHAMMAD BIN SALMAN bin Abd al-Aziz Al Saud, taking over as Crown Prince. King SALMAN appointed MUHAMMAD BIN SALMAN as prime minister in 2022.

In 2015, Saudi Arabia led a coalition of 10 countries in a military campaign to restore Yemen's legitimate government, which had been ousted by Houthi forces. The war in Yemen has drawn international criticism for civilian casualties and its effect on the country’s dire humanitarian situation. The same year, MUHAMMAD BIN SALMAN announced that Saudi Arabia would lead a multi-nation Islamic Coalition to fight terrorism, and in 2017, Saudi Arabia inaugurated the Global Center for Combatting Extremist Ideology (also known as "Etidal"). 

The country remains a leading producer of oil and natural gas and holds about 17% of the world's proven oil reserves as of 2020. The government continues to pursue economic reform and diversification -- particularly since Saudi Arabia's accession to the WTO in 2005 -- and promotes foreign investment in the Kingdom. In 2016, the Saudi Government announced broad socio-economic reforms known as Vision 2030. Low global oil prices in 2015 and 2016 significantly lowered Saudi Arabia’s governmental revenue, prompting cuts to subsidies on water, electricity, and gasoline; reduced government-employee compensation; and new land taxes. In coordination with OPEC and some key non-OPEC countries, Saudi Arabia agreed to cut oil output in 2017 to regulate supply and help boost global prices. In 2020, this agreement collapsed, and Saudi Arabia launched a price war by flooding the market with low-priced oil before returning to the negotiating table to agree to a major output cut that helped buoy prices. 

Public demonstrations are illegal. Avoid any protest or demonstration and follow the advice of local authorities.  

Your travel insurance could be invalidated if you travel against advice from the Foreign, Commonwealth & Development Office (FCDO).

Areas where FCDO advises against travel  

FCDO advises against:

• all travel to within 10km of the border with Yemen  

• all but essential travel to the rest of Saudi Arabia

Find out more about why FCDO advises against travel.

Regional tensions

King Khalid International Airport was struck by a missile on 10 October 2026. The airport continues to be targeted and remains at risk of further attacks.

Since 13 July, the Houthis (a military group in Yemen) have launched missiles and drones targeting several locations in Saudi Arabia. There is a heightened threat against airports, Saudi military and defence buildings, military bases, ports and energy infrastructure across Saudi Arabia, including Abha, Jizan, Najran, Riyadh, Jeddah, Dammam and Yanbu, as well as shipping in the Red Sea. Further attacks against airports as well as disruption and cancellations are very likely.

As an alternative to airports within Saudi Arabia, British nationals wishing to leave Saudi Arabia should consider travelling by land to a neighbouring country and flying from there. Plan your journey carefully, including checking the travel advice for any entry and exit requirements. See ‘Regional risks page’ for more information on land routes.

In addition to the threat from Houthi attacks, the wider context in the Middle East remains deeply unpredictable and the risk of sudden escalation is high. Since conflict began in early 2026, Iran has stated its intention to target locations associated with the US and Israel, including, but not limited to, organisations, businesses, facilities, and institutions. There have been strikes and retaliatory attacks by Iran and others across the region against civilian and US military infrastructure.

In light of the regional tensions, British nationals in Saudi Arabia should:

• read If you’re affected by a crisis abroad - GOV.UK. This includes guidance on “how to prepare for a crisis” including suggestedemergency supplies and “what to do in a crisis”

• sign up for FCDO Travel Advice email alerts

• follow advice from the local authorities. Saudi Civil Defence may issue early warning alerts to people in affected areas

• monitor local and international media for the latest information

• avoid capturing or sharing images of conflict-related incidents

• stay away from areas around oil infrastructure and military facilities

• keep your travel plans under review and ensure your travel documents are up to date

• if travelling by air, check that your booking is confirmed and the status of your flight before travelling to the airport; remain alert and follow instructions from local authorities

• if you are advised to take shelter, stay indoors or go to the nearest safe building or designated shelter; an interior stairwell or a room with as few external walls or windows as possible may provide additional protection; the greatest risk is from falling debris caused by interceptions, and you are safest inside a secure structure

Before you travel

No travel can be guaranteed safe. Read all the advice in this guide. You may also find it helpful to: 

• see general advice for women travellers
• read our guide on disability and travel abroad
• see general advice for LGBT+ travellers
• read about safety for solo and independent travel
• see advice on volunteering and adventure travel abroad

Travel insurance 

If you choose to travel, research your destinations and get appropriate travel insurance. Insurance should cover your itinerary, planned activities and expenses in an emergency.

About FCDO travel advice

The Foreign, Commonwealth & Development Office (FCDO) provides advice about risks of travel to help you make informed decisions. Find out more about FCDO travel advice.

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Terrorism  

There is a high threat of terrorist attack globally affecting UK interests and British nationals, including from groups and individuals who view the UK and British nationals as targets. Stay aware of your surroundings at all times.

UK Counter Terrorism Policing has information and advice on staying safe and what to do in the event of a terrorist attack. Find out how to reduce your risk from terrorism while abroad.

Terrorism in Saudi Arabia  

Terrorists are likely to try to carry out attacks in Saudi Arabia. 

In addition to missile and drone strikes conducted by the Houthis, attacks from terrorist groups could be indiscriminate, including in places visited by foreign nationals. Stay aware of your surroundings, keep up to date with local media reports and follow the advice of local authorities. 

For information about Houthi attacks and the current conflict see Warnings and insurance.

Terrorists have threatened to carry out attacks in the Gulf region, including on: 

• residential compounds 
• military, oil, transport and aviation interests 
• public places, including restaurants, hotels, beaches, shopping centres and mosques 
• tourist sites

Be aware of your surroundings, particularly during high-profile events, and avoid large demonstrations.

Political situation  

Public demonstrations are illegal. Avoid any protest or demonstration and follow the advice of local authorities.  

Crime 

The crime rate in Saudi Arabia is low, but there is petty crime. There have also been more serious crimes, including crimes against women. Take care when travelling outside towns and cities. 

Laws and cultural differences  

Saudi Arabia is a Muslim country and Islamic law is strictly enforced. Respect local traditions, customs, laws and religion so you do not cause offence. There may be serious penalties for doing something that might not be illegal in the UK.  

You should avoid: 

• showing affection in public 
• swearing and rude gestures 
• playing loud music 
• making critical political statements or behaving in ways the Saudi authorities assess disrupt the public order

Penalties include fines, imprisonment and deportation. See Visit Saudi for information on behaviour.

Personal ID 

You must always carry ID. You can get a fine or prison sentence if you do not have any. 

If you’re a tourist, carry a copy of your passport and visa.  

If you live in Saudi Arabia, carry your residency card (‘Iqama’). Police also accept an electronic version of the Iqama on the Tawakkalna app and Absher.  

Ramadan  

Ramadan is a holy month for Muslims. The dates vary by year and country. Ramadan in Saudi Arabia started on 18 February in 2026 and will last for 30 days. During this time, do not:  

• eat, drink, smoke or chew gum in public in the daytime, including in your car  
• play loud music or dance  
• swear in public  

Get more advice when you arrive from your tour guide, hotel or business contacts.  

You should also:  

• check opening hours of shops and restaurants  
• be aware that if hotels and restaurants are providing food or drink in fasting hours, they may separate you from Islamic guests, for example with screens  
• follow local dress codes – clothing that does not meet local dress codes may cause more offence at this time  
• be patient and show tolerance 

Dress code 

Men and women must wear loose-fitting clothing that covers the elbow and below the knees.

Avoid clothing that:      

• is tight-fitting
• has profane slogans or images
• has symbols or slogans that could be viewed as political and lead to arrest

Female travellers do not have to wear the traditional robe (‘abaya’) or cover their hair. See Visit Saudi for more information on dress codes. 

Religion 

It is illegal to practise any religion other than Islam. However, the Saudi authorities accept private practice of other religions.

It is illegal to try to convert people to another religion. You can bring other religious books for personal use. However, you may be prosecuted if you try to import large numbers of religious books. 

Alcohol laws and bans 

Do not bring alcohol into Saudi Arabia or arrive under the influence of alcohol. 

It is illegal to drink alcohol or be drunk in public. Police have arrested British nationals for disorderly or offensive behaviour when drinking. You can face severe penalties, including prison, for brewing, possessing or selling  alcohol.

Illegal drugs penalties 

There is zero tolerance for drug offences in Saudi Arabia, and the penalties are severe. If you’re arrested for drug offences, you may have a long period of detention before trial. You can get a prison sentence of up to 5 years and a fine of 30,000 Saudi riyals for possessing even small amounts. Drug dealing and smuggling can result in a death sentence.  

Sexual relations outside of marriage 

Sex outside of marriage and adultery are illegal, including for tourists. In the most serious circumstances (for example, those involving Saudi nationals) the penalties could include custodial sentences or deportation. There are special arrangements for visitors, and unmarried tourists may share hotel rooms. 

Pregnancy outside of marriage  

If you or your partner becomes pregnant outside marriage in Saudi Arabia, you could both face penalties including imprisonment and deportation. However, in practice, legal action is uncommon.  

Doctors may ask for proof of marriage during antenatal checks.  

To get a birth certificate from the Saudi authorities, you must provide a marriage certificate. The authorities may compare the date of the marriage against the estimated date of conception. 

If you’re an unmarried woman who gives birth in Saudi Arabia, you may have difficulties registering the birth of a child in Saudi Arabia. You could be arrested, imprisoned or deported.  

Filming, photography and other media restrictions  

It is illegal to film or photograph government buildings, diplomatic premises, military installations and palaces.

Do not circulate material related to security risks, including drone or missile attacks or interceptions, on social media. Residents can use the “Tawakkalna” app to report suspicious aerial sightings. The “Kollona Amn” app can be used to report other security risks and serious crimes.

If you produce, transmit or distribute printed, digital, audio or video information, you must get permission from the General Authority of Media Regulation (GCAM) in advance. If you do not, you could get a large fine and a prison sentence. 

Only photograph local people if you have their consent. 

Public statements and criticism

Be careful about what you circulate on social media. It is illegal to say publicly anything that the Saudi authorities deem disruptive to public order. Avoid making comments verbally or on social media on the topics below:

• The King, Crown Prince or Royal Family
• the Saudi government or authorities, including the police
• Islam
• the country’s culture, beliefs and ways of public life
• issues that could be perceived as political, including wearing clothing with political slogans or carrying flags or banners, especially when performing Hajj and Umrah
• the situation in Israel and Palestine

Speaking publicly about these issues can be defined by the Saudi authorities as posing a threat to national security. Statements made on social media many years ago, or those published outside Saudi Arabia, may be taken into account. Punishment can include long custodial sentences. The legal processes around national security cases can be complex and slow. If you are detained, it may take some time for the Saudi authorities to grant permission for consular officials to visit you.

You’re likely to come under more scrutiny if you’re a British national who also: 

• carries Saudi citizenship
• has close Saudi relatives

Carrying 2 passports 

It is illegal to have 2 passports in your name in Saudi Arabia. Immigration authorities will take additional passports. You must leave Saudi Arabia using the passport you entered on. 

Legal system and due process 

The Saudi legal system differs from the UK, for example: 

• suspects can be held without charge during an investigation 
• suspects are not always allowed quick access to legal representation 

If you’re detained and need consular assistance, British Embassy staff will visit once they know about your case. In some cases, British Embassy staff have not been allowed to visit immediately or have had limited access. 

There is no legal aid in Saudi Arabia. You may want to hire a translator if you need to attend a criminal proceeding. Find a translator or interpreter in Saudi Arabia. 

Unpaid debts and other financial crimes 

You can get a fine, prison sentence or travel ban, or face deportation for financial crimes, including: 

• writing a cheque which bounces (including post-dated and ‘security cheques’)  
• not paying bills (for example hotel bills or car hire)  
• fraud and bribery

The Saudi authorities can also freeze your bank account or other assets. You may be liable for cheques you signed on behalf of a company. 

The Saudi authorities could: 

• prevent you from cancelling your residence permit
• stop you leaving the country
• block your government services
• not allow you to renew your residency card, re-entry visa or exit permits
• stop you transferring to a new employer (sponsor)
• use your end-of-service benefits to pay outstanding debts

Travel bans 

The Saudi authorities may stop you from leaving the country  for:

• unpaid debts
• ongoing commercial, financial or labour disputes
• legal cases
• investigations

If you’re under a travel ban,  you cannot leave the country, even if you’re a British national or dual British-Saudi national. They can take years to resolve. If you’re banned from travel, get legal advice.

Government bodies often keep passports for official purposes. Employers (sponsors) may try to hold onto your passport, but this is illegal.

Deportation 

If you’re found guilty of an offence and sentenced to over 3 months in prison, the Saudi authorities can deport you. Sometimes the authorities deport people with shorter sentences, regardless of whether the judgement included deportation. If you’re employed in Saudi Arabia, deportation will impact your employment and may affect your ability to return to Saudi Arabia in the future. 

LGBT+ travellers 

Same-sex relations are illegal, although legal action is uncommon. All couples should be aware of local customs and avoid showing affection in public. 

Visit Saudi says all visitors are welcome, are not required to disclose their personal information and will have their right to privacy respected.  

Being transgender is not recognised in Saudi Arabia. Transgender people could also face difficulties with dress codes and access to medical care.  

Read more advice for LGBT+ travellers.

Transport risks  

Road travel  

If you’re planning to drive in Saudi Arabia, see information on driving abroad. 

You can use a UK photocard driving licence for the first 3 months after you arrive in Saudi Arabia. After that, you must apply for a local licence. Hire care companies may require an international driving permit (IDP).

Standards of driving are poor and there are a high number of serious accidents on the roads. You should: 

• always wear seatbelts 
• keep to major roads if possible 
• travel in convoy and in daylight when travelling through desert areas 

Some cities have an automated traffic system. Anyone caught speeding or committing other traffic offences will be notified by text of their fine. Fines are recorded on the Absher system, which is linked to your passport, residency or ID card. You must pay any outstanding fines through the system before leaving the country. You can pay at the airport but only during Saudi office hours. 

Sea travel 

Vessels operating in the Gulf of Oman, Northern Arabian Sea, Gulf of Aden and Bab El Mandeb areas may be at increased risk of attack by pirates. See piracy and armed robbery at sea. There is also a heightened risk of Houthi attacks against Saudi shipping vessels in the Red Sea and other waters.

Air travel

There is a heightened threat of attacks against airports in Saudi Arabia by the Houthis (a military group in Yemen). Further attacks against airports as well as disruption and cancellations are very likely. See the ‘Warnings and insurance’ page for more information.

King Khalid International Airport was struck by a missile on 10 October 2026. The airport continues to be targeted and remains at risk of further attacks.

As an alternative to airports within Saudi Arabia, British nationals wishing to leave Saudi Arabia should consider travelling by land to a neighbouring country and flying from there. See the ‘Regional risks’ page for more information on land routes.

Extreme weather and natural disasters 

Find out what you can do to prepare for and respond to extreme weather and natural hazards.

Flooding  

Heavy rains from November to February can cause flooding. Use the internet to check  weather forecasts. In a flood, follow Civil Defence advice or call them on 998.

This section has safety advice for regions of Saudi Arabia. It only covers regions where FCDO has specific advice.  

You should also read FCDO’s overall travel advice and safety and security advice.  

Saudi Arabia-Yemen border and threats from the Houthis

In 2026, direct military conflict between the Houthi rebel military group and the Governments of Yemen and Saudi Arabia has resumed.

FCDO advises against: 

• all travel to within 10km of the border with Yemen

• all but essential travel to the rest of Saudi Arabia

As an alternative to airports within Saudi Arabia, British nationals wishing to leave Saudi Arabia should consider travelling by land to a neighbouring country and flying from there. If you judge it is safe to do so, plan your journey carefully, including checking travel advice for the country you are considering to travel through, and any entry and exit requirements to make sure you have the correct documentation and not be denied entry.

If travelling by car, the vehicle must be wholly owned and registered in your name. If using commercial transport, check the latest updates from your airline or tour operator and ensure they can transport you across the border, follow instructions from the local authorities and check the status of border crossings before you travel. Make sure you have access to emergency supplies, water and essential medication. Travel within or out of Saudi Arabia is at your own risk.

Vehicle authorisations can be issued through the Absher portal, allowing another person, including dependants aged 18 and over, to drive your vehicle in Saudi Arabia or abroad. Drivers with a valid Exit/Re-Entry Visa must cancel it before the authorisation can be issued.

Some bus services, private hire taxis and other vehicles may offer cross-border travel. Check schedules, confirm bookings and make sure the operator has the necessary permissions to cross the border. Before you travel, check where your transport will leave you. Some border crossings do not have onward transportation, and facilities can be extremely limited.

• Bus service: SAT Transportation

Military zones and border posts 

The Saudi Tourism Authority has banned tourist trips to military zones and border posts.

In light of the regional tensions, British nationals in Saudi Arabia should:

• read If you’re affected by a crisis abroad - GOV.UK. This includes guidance on “how to prepare for a crisis” with suggested emergency supplies, and “what to do in a crisis”

• sign up for FCDO Travel Advice email alerts

• follow advice from the local authorities; Saudi Civil Defence may issue early warning alerts to people in affected areas

• monitor local and international media for the latest information

• avoid capturing or sharing images of conflict-related incidents

• stay away from areas around oil infrastructure and military facilities

• keep your travel plans under review and ensure your travel documents are up to date

• if travelling by air, check that your booking is confirmed and the status of your flight before travelling to the airport; remain alert at airports and follow instructions from local authorities

• if you are advised to take shelter, stay indoors or go to the nearest safe building or designated shelter; an interior stairwell or a room with as few external walls or windows as possible may offer additional protection; the greatest risk is from falling debris caused by interceptions, and you are safest inside a secure structure

Before you travel check that: 

• your destination can provide the healthcare you may need 
• you have appropriate travel insurance for local treatment or unexpected medical evacuation 

This is particularly important if you have a health condition or are pregnant. 

Emergency medical number 

Call 911 and ask for an ambulance. 

Contact your insurance company quickly if you’re referred to a medical facility for treatment. 

Vaccine recommendations and health risks

At least 8 weeks before your trip:  

• check the latest vaccine recommendations for Saudi Arabia
• see where to get vaccines and whether you have to pay on the NHS travel vaccinations page

See what health risks you’ll face in Saudi Arabia.

Altitude sickness is a risk in parts of Saudi Arabia. Read more about altitude sickness on TravelHealthPro.

Contagious diseases spread quickly, particularly during Hajj and Ramadan. There is an increased risk of heat stroke and dehydration during the summer months. Bring basic medicines with you and consume adequate liquids and salts.

Medication  

The legal status and regulation of some medicines prescribed or bought in the UK can be different in other countries. In Saudi Arabia some prescribed or over-the-counter medicines are controlled substances. You may need approval from the Saudi authorities to bring some prescription drugs. See rules on bringing prescription drugs to Saudi Arabia. 

If you need to bring controlled or prescription medication, make sure you have an official prescription, hospital note or a letter from your GP, which includes: 

• the amount prescribed
• details of the drug and dosage
• your doctor’s signature
• a stamp from the clinic or hospital

See narcotics and psychotropic substances information from the Saudi government. 

UK prescriptions are not accepted in Saudi Arabia. Only doctors registered and licensed by the Saudi Commission for Health Specialities may issue prescriptions.

Pharmacies are common and easy to find, particularly in the big cities. All hospitals have a dispensing pharmacy. Shopping malls and plazas sell international brands.

Read best practice when travelling with medicines on TravelHealthPro.

Healthcare in Saudi Arabia

Healthcare facilities in major Saudi cities are of a high standard. Most towns have a health centre or basic hospital. Serious cases may be transferred by ambulance or air to a hospital in a major city, which might be some distance away.

FCDO has a list of medical providers in Saudi Arabia where some staff will speak English. 

Travel and mental health 

Read FCDO guidance on travel and mental health. There is also mental health guidance on TravelHealthPro.