إحاطة توجيهية في كوريا الجنوبية

ظهرت أولى الممالك الموثّقة في شبه الجزيرة الكورية (تشوسون) نحو عام 2300 قبل الميلاد. وعلى مدى القرون التالية، أُنشئت ثلاث ممالك رئيسية في شبه الجزيرة، هي غوغوريو وبيكجي وسيلا. وبحلول القرن الخامس الميلادي، برزت غوغوريو بوصفها أقوى هذه الممالك، إذ سيطرت على معظم شبه الجزيرة وجزء من منشوريا (شمال شرق الصين حاليًا). غير أن سيلا تحالفت مع الصينيين لتأسيس أول دولة كورية موحَّدة عام 688. وبعد سقوط سيلا في القرن التاسع، توحّدت كوريا تحت حكم أسرتي كوريو (غورييو؛ 918-1392) وجوسون (1392-1910).

أصبحت كوريا محورًا لتنافس إمبريالي حاد بين الإمبراطوريات الصينية (حاميتها التقليدية) واليابانية والروسية خلال النصف الثاني من القرن التاسع عشر وأوائل القرن العشرين. وبعد الحرب الصينية اليابانية (1894-1895) والحرب الروسية اليابانية (1904-1905)، احتلت الإمبراطورية اليابانية كوريا. وفي عام 1910، ضمّت اليابان شبه الجزيرة بأكملها رسميًا. واستعادت كوريا استقلالها بعد استسلام اليابان للولايات المتحدة وحلفائها عام 1945. فأُقيمت حكومة ديمقراطية مدعومة من الولايات المتحدة (جمهورية كوريا) في النصف الجنوبي من شبه الجزيرة الكورية، بينما نُصبت حكومة شيوعية النمط مدعومة من الاتحاد السوفيتي في الشمال (كوريا الشمالية، المعروفة أيضًا باسم جمهورية كوريا الديمقراطية الشعبية). وخلال الحرب الكورية (1950-1953)، قاتلت القوات الأمريكية وقوات الأمم المتحدة إلى جانب الجنود الكوريين الجنوبيين للدفاع عن كوريا الجنوبية ضد غزو كوري شمالي تدعمه الصين الشيوعية والاتحاد السوفيتي. وبعد هدنة عام 1953، فُصلت الكوريتان بمنطقة منزوعة السلاح.

قاد سينغمان ري البلاد بوصفه أول رئيس لها من عام 1948 حتى عام 1960. واستولى بارك تشونغ هي على السلطة في انقلاب عسكري عام 1961. وخلال حكمه المثير للجدل (1961-1979)، حققت كوريا الجنوبية نموًا اقتصاديًا سريعًا، إذ ارتفع نصيب الفرد من الدخل إلى نحو 17 ضعفًا من مستواه في كوريا الشمالية بحلول عام 1979. اغتيل بارك عام 1979، وتميزت السنوات التالية بالاضطرابات السياسية واستمرار الحكم العسكري، فيما تنامت حركة المطالبة بالديمقراطية. وأجرت كوريا الجنوبية أول انتخابات رئاسية حرة في ظل دستور ديمقراطي معدّل عام 1987، فاز فيها الجنرال السابق في الجيش الكوري الجنوبي رو تاي-وو بسباق متقارب. وفي عام 1993، أصبح كيم يونغ-سام أول رئيس مدني في عهد كوريا الجنوبية الديمقراطي الجديد. وفاز الرئيس كيم داي-جونغ (1998-2003) بجائزة نوبل للسلام عام 2000 تقديرًا لإسهاماته في الديمقراطية الكورية الجنوبية ولـ"سياسة الشمس المشرقة" القائمة على الانخراط مع كوريا الشمالية. وتولّت بارك كون-هيه، ابنة الرئيس الكوري الجنوبي السابق بارك تشونغ هي، منصب الرئاسة عام 2013 لتصبح أول امرأة تتولى القيادة في كوريا الجنوبية. وفي عام 2016، أقرت الجمعية الوطنية اقتراح عزل بارك بسبب تورطها المزعوم في فضيحة فساد واستغلال النفوذ، ما أدى إلى انتخابات رئاسية مبكرة عام 2017 فاز فيها مون جيه-إن. وفي عام 2022، فاز يون سوك-يول، وهو مدعٍ عام قديم ووافد جديد على السياسة، بالرئاسة بأضيق هامش في تاريخ كوريا الجنوبية.

لقد طبعت الخصومات والتوترات مع كوريا الشمالية، التي تخللتها استفزازات عسكرية وإطلاقات صاروخية وتجارب نووية، العلاقات بين الكوريتين لسنوات. وظلت العلاقات متوترة رغم فترة من الانفراج في 2018-2019، مهّد لها مشاركة كوريا الشمالية في دورتي الألعاب الأولمبية والبارالمبية الشتوية لعام 2018 في كوريا الجنوبية، واجتماعات دبلوماسية رفيعة المستوى، من بينها قمم تاريخية بين الولايات المتحدة وكوريا الشمالية. وفي عام 2024، أعلنت بيونغ يانغ إنهاء جميع أشكال التعاون الاقتصادي مع كوريا الجنوبية، وهي خطوة جاءت بعد إعلانات سابقة بإلغاء اتفاق عسكري أُبرم عام 2018 لخفض التصعيد على طول حدودهما المسلحة، والتخلي عن سعي البلاد الذي استمر عقودًا نحو توحيد سلمي مع كوريا الجنوبية، وتصنيف الجنوب بوصفه "العدو الرئيسي" لكوريا الشمالية.

The level of tension and the security situation on the Korean Peninsula can change with little notice. Tensions can rise after missile tests by North Korea and during the regular South Korean-US military exercises, which take place throughout the year. Follow the advice of local authorities and keep up to date with developments, which will be reported on news broadcasts.

The demilitarised zone (DMZ) separates North Korea and South Korea. Peace has been maintained under an armistice agreement, but no formal peace treaty has ever been signed. If you’re in the area of the DMZ, you should exercise caution and follow the advice of the local authorities.

Global travel impacts due to escalation in the Middle East

Escalation in the Middle East has caused widespread travel disruption, including airspace closures, delayed and cancelled flights. 

Your travel plans may be affected, even if your destination is not in the Middle East. Before you travel:

• check travel advice for any countries or territories you are transiting through
• check for the latest updates from your airline or tour operator  
• review your travel insurance policy for coverage
• monitor local and international media for the latest information and sign up for travel advice email alerts

Before you travel

No travel can be guaranteed safe. Read all the advice in this guide. You may also find it helpful to:

• see general advice for women travellers
• read our guide on disability and travel abroad
• see general advice for LGBT+ travellers
• read about safety for solo and independent travel
• see advice on volunteering and adventure travel abroad

Travel insurance

If you choose to travel, research your destinations and get appropriate travel insurance. Insurance should cover your itinerary, planned activities and expenses in an emergency.

About FCDO travel advice

The Foreign, Commonwealth & Development Office (FCDO) provides advice about risks of travel to help you make informed decisions. Find out more about FCDO travel advice.

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Terrorism

There is a high threat of terrorist attack globally affecting UK interests and British nationals, including from groups and individuals who view the UK and British nationals as targets. Stay aware of your surroundings at all times.

UK Counter Terrorism Policing has information and advice on staying safe and what to do in the event of a terrorist attack. Find out how to reduce your risk from terrorism while abroad.

Terrorism in South Korea

Although there’s no recent history of terrorism in South Korea, attacks cannot be ruled out.

Political situation

The level of tension and the security situation on the Korean Peninsula can change with little notice. Tensions can rise after missile tests by North Korea and during the regular South Korean-US military exercises, which take place throughout the year. Follow the advice of local authorities and keep up to date with developments, which will be reported on news broadcasts.

The demilitarised zone (DMZ) separates North Korea and South Korea. Peace has been maintained under an armistice agreement, but no formal peace treaty has ever been signed. If you’re in the area of the DMZ, you should exercise caution and follow the advice of the local authorities.

National service

If you are a British male of Korean origin whose name appears on the Korean family register, you may be liable for military service even if you are travelling on your British passport.

Demonstrations

Public demonstrations in South Korea are common, particularly at times of elevated political tensions. These gatherings are mostly peaceful and well-policed. Be aware that under Korean law, it is illegal for foreign nationals to take part in political activities when in the country. While in South Korea, pay attention to media reporting on political tensions and planned demonstrations, follow the advice of local authorities, and avoid large public gatherings.

Civil emergency exercises and advice

South Korean authorities sometimes hold civil emergency exercises. You’ll hear sirens to mark the start of the exercise. All vehicles must stop and sometimes people will have to descend into designated metro stations or basements. You do not need to participate but do follow any instructions from officials during these exercises.

Contingency planning

The government’s Emergency Ready App, available on iOS and Android, explains the possible civil emergency alerts which would be pushed to your mobile in an emergency.

As part of your own contingency planning, make sure you have easy access to your passport and other important documents such as nationality documents and birth and marriage certificates, as well as any essential medication. Consider saving the contact details for the embassy so that you can access them quickly if needed. Make sure to share your contact details with your family and friends.

Crime

Crime against foreigners is rare but there are occasional thefts. Take extra care of passports, credit cards and money in crowded areas and in areas visited by foreigners, such as Itaewon.

While most reported crimes are thefts, there have been cases of assault, including sexual assault, particularly around bars and nightlife areas. Take care when travelling alone at night and only use legitimate taxis or public transport.

Laws and cultural differences

Personal ID

It is a legal requirement to carry some form of identification, but people are rarely asked to show it.

Illegal drugs and prison sentences

If you’re convicted of possession, use or trafficking of illegal drugs you can face a long jail sentence and heavy fines. This applies even to personal use of small amounts of marijuana. British nationals have been detained solely on the basis of drug tests.

Transport risks

Road travel

If you are planning to drive in South Korea, see information on driving abroad and read the Korea Tourism Organization’s driving in Korea guidance. The guide lists driving regulations and other legal requirements you need to be aware of.

You’ll need to have both the 1949 international driving permit (IDP) and your UK driving licence with you in the car when you drive in South Korea. You cannot buy an IDP outside the UK, so get one before you travel.

The police take the position that car and motorbike drivers are at fault in accidents involving cyclists or pedestrians. If you injure someone in an accident, you are likely to face criminal charges and heavy penalties, even if guilt is not proved.

The legal limit for alcohol in South Korea is less than half the limit in England, and penalties for drink-driving include prison and fines.

Taxis

Taxi drivers tend to speak little or no English. It is helpful to have your destination written in Korean – if possible with a map.

Extreme weather and natural disasters

If there is a natural disaster, or the threat of one, the South Korean government will publish updates in Korean and English to the Natural Disaster Safety Portal.

The government’s Emergency Ready App, available on iOS and Android, explains the possible alerts which would be pushed to your mobile.

Find out what you can do to prepare for and respond to extreme weather and natural hazards.

Typhoons

The typhoon season normally runs from June to November. Monitor the progress of approaching storms with the Korea Meteorological Administration or call 131 in Korea to get an accurate weather forecast in English. Always follow any advice given by the local authorities.   

Flooding and landslides

South Korea has heavy rainfall across the country during the summer rainy season, usually in June and July. Torrential rain may cause flooding near rivers and creeks, including in built-up areas. Flash floods are common in areas downstream from large reservoirs or rivers, even after relatively short periods of intense rainfall. Landslides are possible in hilly and mountainous areas.

Monitor forecasts for heavy rainfall with the Korea Meteorological Administration and follow any advice given by the local authorities.

Earthquakes

Strong earthquakes are unusual in South Korea but do happen. Most earthquakes in South Korea are relatively weak. The Korea Meteorological Administration publishes information on earthquakes.

Read up on the any guidance from local authorities on safety procedures in an earthquake and check the safety tips from the Seoul Metropolitan Government.

Forest fires

Forest fires may occur in South Korea. Pay attention to warnings from local authorities and follow any safety instructions that they issue. Korean-language emergency alerts will automatically be sent to your mobile phone if you are in an affected area, and English-language translations of emergency alerts can be accessed on the National Disaster and Safety Portal and in the Emergency Ready App.

You can track the location and progress of fires through the Korea Forest Service website in English and Korean.

Before you travel check that:

• your destination can provide the healthcare you may need
• you have appropriate travel insurance for local treatment or unexpected medical evacuation

This is particularly important if you have a health condition or are pregnant.

Emergency medical number

Call 119 and ask for an ambulance.

Contact your insurance company quickly if you’re referred to a medical facility for treatment.

Vaccine recommendations and health risks

At least 8 weeks before your trip:

• check the latest vaccine recommendations for South Korea
• see where to get vaccines and whether you have to pay on the NHS travel vaccinations page

See what health risks you’ll face in South Korea, including:

• malaria
• insect and tick bites
• tick-borne encephalitis

Air pollution, including yellow dust pollution, is common, especially during spring months. Follow local media reporting and check the Korean Meteorological Administration website. On days when concentrations are high, most residents will stay indoors or use face masks outside. It’s also important to drink plenty of water.

Medication

The legal status and regulation of some medicines prescribed or bought in the UK can be different in other countries.

South Korean customs authorities allow you to bring small amounts of medication for your personal use, if it is kept in carry-on baggage. Take an English language prescription from your doctor at home for both your prescription drugs and non-prescription medicines. Consult the website of the South Korean Ministry of Food and Drug Safety before you travel to South Korea.

Read best practice when travelling with medicines on TravelHealthPro.

Healthcare in South Korea

Medical and dental care in South Korea is usually of a good standard, but can be expensive. Staff may not speak English. Make sure you have adequate travel health insurance and accessible funds to cover the cost of any medical treatment abroad and repatriation.

If you need to stay in a South Korean hospital, particularly if your condition is severe, the hospital may ask you to bring a guardian or ‘bohoja’ to assist you with basic care needs such as trips to the bathroom, washing and exercise. It is possible to find agencies who will provide a caregiver or ‘ganbyungin’ for a fee, but these caregivers generally do not speak English. If you know that you may need to enter a Korean hospital, you should try to organise a guardian such as a friend or relative in advance.

The South Korean Ministry of Health and Welfare (MOHW) maintains an online database (in Korean) of emergency services at available medical centres nationwide.

FCDO has a list of medical providers in South Korea where some staff will speak English. 

There is also guidance on healthcare if you’re living in South Korea.

Medical tourism

If you are travelling to South Korea for elective treatment, such as cosmetic surgery or a dental procedure, consider that no medical procedure is risk-free. Make sure that your travel health insurance covers complications that may arise and repatriation to the UK if required.

Travel and mental health

Read FCDO guidance on travel and mental health. There is also mental health guidance on TravelHealthPro.