Orientation briefing in Central African Republic

To prepare a mission or a new post: the essential context, region by region. This briefing does not replace your organisation's security briefing on arrival.

Orientation briefing: Central African Republic1 / 15

Overview

Alert levelAdvice against all travel to parts of the countryOfficial advice updated on 28 May 2026 (FCDO)

25open jobs

10organisations hiring

14violent events in 3 months

27deaths (estimate)

Capital: Bangui · Region: Central Africa

To prepare a mission or a new post: the essential context, region by region. This briefing does not replace your organisation's security briefing on arrival.

The country in its region
Orientation briefing: Central African Republic2 / 15

Socio-political and economic situation

History and context

The Central African Republic (CAR) is a perennially weak state that sits at the crossroads of ethnic and linguistic groups in the center of the African continent. Among the last areas of Sub-Saharan Africa to be drawn into the world economy, its introduction into trade networks around the early 1700s fostered significant competition among its population. The local population sought to benefit from the lucrative Atlantic, trans-Saharan, and Indian Ocean trade in enslaved people and ivory. Slave raids aided by the local populations fostered animosity between ethnic groups that remains today. The territory was established as a French colony named Ubangui-Shari in 1903, and France modeled its administration of the colony after the Belgian Congo, subcontracting control of the territory to private companies that collected rubber and ivory. Although France banned the domestic slave trade in CAR in the 1910s, the private companies continued to exploit the population through forced labor. The colony of Ubangi-Shari gained independence from France as the Central African Republic in 1960, but the death of independence leader Barthelemy BOGANDA six months prior led to an immediate struggle for power.

CAR’s political history has since been marred by a series of coups, the first of which brought Jean-Bedel BOKASSA to power in 1966. Widespread corruption and intolerance for any political opposition characterized his regime. In an effort to prolong his mandate, BOKASSA named himself emperor in 1976 and changed the country’s name to the Central African Empire. His regime’s economic mismanagement culminated in widespread student protests in 1979 that were violently suppressed by security forces. BOKASSA fell out of favor with the international community and was overthrown in a French-backed coup in 1979. After BOKASSA’s departure, the country’s name once again became the Central African Republic.

CAR’s fifth coup in 2013 unseated President Francois BOZIZE after the Seleka, a mainly Muslim rebel coalition, seized the capital and forced BOZIZE to flee the country. The Seleka's widespread abuses spurred the formation of mainly Christian self-defense groups that called themselves the anti-Balaka, which have also committed human rights abuses against Muslim populations in retaliation. Since the rise of these groups, conflict in CAR has become increasingly ethnoreligious, although focused on identity rather than religious ideology. Elections in 2016 installed independent candidate Faustin-Archange TOUADERA as president; he was reelected in 2020. A peace agreement signed in 2019 between the government and the main armed factions has had little effect, and armed groups remain in control of large swaths of the country's territory. TOUADERA's United Hearts Movement has governed the country since 2016, and a new constitution approved by referendum on 30 July 2023 effectively ended term limits, creating the potential for TOUADERA to extend his rule.

Political system

presidential republic

Political situation

Current President Faustin-Archange Touadéra came to power through an election in 2015 and was re-elected in 2020. In August 2023, a constitutional referendum was passed, which included the removal of presidential term limits. Presidential elections are due in 2025.

Protests, marches and demonstrations can happen with little notice and have encountered a strong police and security force presence. Protests have previously resulted in deaths and injuries. Protests have taken place in front of Western embassies as well as areas of political significance in the capital. If you are near any protests, marches or demonstrations, you should leave the area immediately. Stay alert and follow the local news, as the atmosphere can change quickly and without warning. Stay away from any blockades set up by the police and security forces. 

If the authorities suspect you of engaging and supporting activities that break the law in Central African Republic, you could be detained.

Orientation briefing: Central African Republic3 / 15

Ethnic groups, languages, religions

Ethnic groups

Baya 28.8%, Banda 22.9%, Mandjia 9.9%, Sara 7.9%, M'Baka-Bantu 7.9%, Arab-Fulani (Peuhl) 6%, Mbum 6%, Ngbanki 5.5%, Zande-Nzakara 3%, other Central African Republic ethnic groups 2%, non-Central African Republic ethnic groups .1% (2003 est.)

Languages

French (official), Sangho (lingua franca and national language), tribal languages

Religions

Roman Catholic 34.6%, Protestant 15.7%, other Christian 22.9%, Muslim 13.8%, ethnic religionist 12%, Baha'i 0.2%, agnostic/atheist 0.7% (2020 est.)

Country profiles: The World Factbook (CIA), public domain, last edition (2025-2026).

Orientation briefing: Central African Republic4 / 15

Economy and society

Economic overview

enormous natural resources; extreme poverty; weak public institutions and infrastructure; political and gender-based violence have led to displacement of roughly 25% of population; Bangui-Douala corridor blockade reduced activity and tax collection; strong agricultural performance offset COVID-19 downturn

5.5 MPopulation2025

44.6 %Urban population2025

$556GDP per capita2025

4.5 %GDP growth2025

1 %Inflation2025

71.6 %Extreme poverty (international line)2021

6.3 %Unemployment2025

42.4 %Adult literacy2019

13.8 %Internet users2024

18.2 %Access to electricity2024

Refugees and displaced people

427,479internally displaced people2025

55,307refugees hosted2025

8,454asylum seekers2025

756,822refugees and asylum seekers from the country2025

Indicators: World Bank (CC BY 4.0); refugees and displaced people: UNHCR Refugee Data Finder. Latest available year for each figure.

Orientation briefing: Central African Republic5 / 15

Arms bearers

Armed and security forces

Central African Armed Forces (Forces Armees Centrafricaines, FACA): Army (includes an air squadron, Escadrille Centrafricaine)Ministry of Interior: National Gendarmerie (Gendarmerie Nationale), National Police (2025)

Armed actors most involved in recent violence

Party names as coded by UCDP, July – September 2026. "Government of …" refers to State forces.

ActorEventsDeaths
Government of Central African Republic615
Government of Russia35
PRNC23
LRA24
AAKG12
CPC16

Informative list, to be complemented by your organisation's security analysis and NGO security forums.

Orientation briefing: Central African Republic6 / 15

Warnings and insurance

UK government (FCDO) travel advice. Some guidance is aimed at British nationals; always follow your organisation's instructions.

Your travel insurance could be invalidated if you travel against advice from the Foreign, Commonwealth & Development Office (FCDO).

Areas where FCDO advises against travel

FCDO advises against all travel to the whole of the Central African Republic, including the areas of Bimbo, Begoua and Coline, except to the capital, Bangui.

FCDO advises against all but essential travel to Bangui, including Bangui M’Poko International Airport.

Find out more about why FCDO advises against travel.

Limited consular support

There is no British Embassy in the Central African Republic, and consular support is severely limited. The British Embassy in Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo, can provide limited remote consular support to British nationals.

Travel insurance

If you choose to travel, research your destinations and get appropriate travel insurance. Insurance should cover your itinerary, planned activities and expenses in an emergency.

About FCDO travel advice

FCDO provides advice about risks of travel to help you make informed decisions. Find out more about FCDO travel advice.

Get travel advice updates

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Follow FCDO:   

Orientation briefing: Central African Republic7 / 15

Recent security

Organised violence events recorded by UCDP, July – September 2026.

Bamingui-BangoranBanguiBasse-KottoHaut-Mbomou : 1 · 2Haute-Kotto : 1 · 1Kémo : 1 · 2LobayeMambéré-Kadéï : 1 · 1Mbomou : 2 · 4Nana-GrébiziNana-Mambéré : 3 · 5Ombella-M'Poko : 2 · 3Ouaka : 0 · 0Ouham : 1 · 6Ouham-PendéSangha-MbaéréVakaga : 2 · 3
The darker the region, the more events it saw.
Armed conflict involving the State · 6Violence against civilians · 8

By month: July 4 · August 5 · September 5

RegionEventsDeathsCiviliansTrend
Nana-Mambéré351▲ up
Mbomou241new
Ombella-M'Poko232new
Vakaga231▼ down
Ouham160stable
Haut-Mbomou120▼ down
Kémo122new
Haute-Kotto111new
Mambéré111new
Orientation briefing: Central African Republic8 / 15

Safety and security

Terrorism

There is a high threat of terrorist attack globally affecting UK interests and British nationals, including from groups and individuals who view the UK and British nationals as targets. Stay aware of your surroundings at all times.

UK Counter Terrorism Policing has information and advice on staying safe and what to do in the event of a terrorist attack. Find out how to reduce your risk from terrorism while abroad.

Terrorism in the Central African Republic  

Although there’s no recent history of terrorism in the Central African Republic, attacks cannot be ruled out.    

Attacks could be indiscriminate including in places visited by foreign nationals. Stay aware of your surroundings, keep up to date with local media reports and follow the advice of local authorities. 

Political situation

Current President Faustin-Archange Touadéra came to power through an election in 2015 and was re-elected in 2020. In August 2023, a constitutional referendum was passed, which included the removal of presidential term limits. Presidential elections are due in 2025.

Protests, marches and demonstrations can happen with little notice and have encountered a strong police and security force presence. Protests have previously resulted in deaths and injuries. Protests have taken place in front of Western embassies as well as areas of political significance in the capital. If you are near any protests, marches or demonstrations, you should leave the area immediately. Stay alert and follow the local news, as the atmosphere can change quickly and without warning. Stay away from any blockades set up by the police and security forces. 

If the authorities suspect you of engaging and supporting activities that break the law in Central African Republic, you could be detained.

Security situation

Tensions remain high following decades of violence between the Central African Republic government and rebel groups. The security situation could worsen without notice.

Outside of Bangui, security conditions are extremely unstable. Armed groups continue to occupy areas in the north and south east of the country. Government services are limited outside of Bangui. There are ongoing incidents of armed conflict, banditry and hostage-taking.

Outside of Bangui there are frequent cases of:

  • homicides
  • looting
  • criminal kidnapping
  • house burglary
  • unlawful detention
  • gunfire
  • carjacking

Attacks are unpredictable and have taken place against UN peacekeepers, humanitarian workers and foreign mining companies. There are unidentified improvised explosive devices in the north west of the country.

Security conditions in Bangui are more stable with a significant presence of security forces, but could deteriorate rapidly.

If you decide to remain in the Central African Republic against FCDO advice, you should have confidence in your security arrangements and maintain a high level of vigilance, especially outside of Bangui.       

Armed patrols and roadblocks

Government security forces, UN peacekeepers, rebel groups and militias conduct armed patrols across the Central African Republic, including in Bangui. Armed personnel control roadblocks (both official and illegal) where you may be asked for a bribe. Take particular care when approaching these. Travel in groups if possible and avoid travelling at night.

It is common for the police and armed groups to arbitrarily search and detain people, mainly Central African nationals but also foreign nationals.

Crime  

Theft and robbery are common, and armed gangs operate in the outlying areas of Bangui, especially in the PK5 district. Bandits often target foreign nationals, including humanitarian workers. Weapons are common and can cause normal disputes in establishments such as bars to escalate quickly.

Be alert to the risk of street crime, armed robbery and bribery at all times.Take care around:

  • government buildings
  • military sites
  • hotels
  • restaurants
  • bars

You can take precautions such as:   

  • taking professional security advice
  • travelling in pre-arranged transport with trusted operators
  • not taking valuables or wearing jewellery in public
  • not walking alone at any time, especially at night
  • keeping valuables in a safe location
  • keeping copies of documents, including your passport
  • staying away from isolated areas

Violent attacks in remote areas  

Armed groups and bandits have used illegal roadblocks and have indiscriminately attacked travellers in remote areas. The attackers have burnt or stolen vehicles, and injured, kidnapped or killed passengers.

Always keep vehicle and personal identification documents with you while travelling by road. Lock vehicle doors, keep windows closed and avoid driving off main routes. Medical help in the event of an accident is likely to be limited.

Laws and cultural differences

Personal ID

You must always carry ID by law, such as a certified copy of your passport or a residence permit. The police can detain you if you do not have ID with you.

Buying diamonds

It is only legal to buy diamonds or precious stones through government-authorised agents.

Illegal drugs penalties

There are severe penalties for drug use and possession. If convicted, you can expect heavy fines and a long jail sentence.

Using cameras

You often need permission to take photos in public places. You may be detained, fined and have your camera confiscated for photographing government property, uniformed law enforcement officers or military installations and personnel.

It is not permitted to take photographs the authorities think damage the country’s image (for example, street children and people with disabilities).

You can get a permit for more serious photography from the Ministry of Tourism.  

LGBT+ travellers

While homosexuality is not illegal, same-sex relationships are not widely accepted in Central African society. LGBT+ travellers may face arrest for “public expressions of love”.

Read more advice for LGBT+ travellers.

Money

It is easier to exchange euros for Central African francs rather than US dollars. You can exchange traveller’s cheques at banks.

There are very few ATMs. Most places, including hotels, do not accept international credit or debit cards. 

Transport risks

Road travel

If you are planning to drive in the Central African Republic, see information on driving abroad.

Roads are in extremely poor condition, especially in the rainy season from May to November. Most roads are unpaved, may close at short notice and require a 4-wheel-drive vehicle. Outside of Bangui, there are very few roads.

You’ll need to have both the 1968 version of the international driving permit (IDP) and your UK driving licence with you in the car.

Hire car companies often have stricter requirements for their customers, such as a year of driving experience or a higher minimum age.      

Keep a private supply of fuel, food and drink if possible, especially if you are travelling any distance outside of Bangui.  

Extreme weather and natural disasters  

Find out what you can do to prepare for and respond to extreme weather and natural hazards.

Flooding

During the rainy season from May to November, roads outside of Bangui can become impassable. Flooding in Bangui is common and has killed people and destroyed homes. There is a risk of being cut off by floods in areas outside the capital, particularly in northern regions. There is also a risk of flash flooding.

Earthquakes

Earthquakes are a risk in the Central African Republic. The US Federal Emergency Management Agency website has advice about what to do before, during and after an earthquake.

Orientation briefing: Central African Republic9 / 15

Health

Health indicators

57.7yearsLife expectancy2024

89.7per 1,000 live birthsUnder-5 mortality2024

692per 100,000 live birthsMaternal mortality2023

343.8per 1,000 people at riskMalaria (new cases)2024

0.07per 1,000 peoplePhysicians2023

36.5 %Basic drinking water access2024

Health risks and precautions (official advice)

Before you travel check that:

  • your destination can provide the healthcare you may need
  • you have appropriate travel insurance for local treatment or unexpected medical evacuation

This is particularly important if you have a health condition or are pregnant.

Emergency medical number

Call 610600 or 117 and ask for an ambulance.

Emergency numbers are unreliable in the Central African Republic. The emergency services are unlikely to respond outside of Bangui.

Contact your insurance company quickly if you’re referred to a medical facility for treatment.

Vaccine recommendations and health risks

At least 8 weeks before your trip: 

See what health risks you’ll face in the Central African Republic, including:

  • yellow fever
  • malaria
  • cholera
  • Zika virus
  • mpox

Ebola 

On 15 May the Democratic Republic of Congo Ministry of Health announced an outbreak of Ebola Bundibugyo in the North-Eastern Ituri Province. Read more about the Ebola outbreak on TravelHealth Pro  and see information on Ebola and similar diseases. World Health Organisation (WHO) have declared this a Public Health Emergency of International Concern. 

Due to the outbreak, you may experience heightened health screening at international borders in the region. Check entry requirements for the country you’re travelling to or transiting.

Medication

The legal status and regulation of some medicines prescribed or bought in the UK can be different in other countries.

Read best practice when travelling with medicines on TravelHealthPro.

Healthcare in the Central African Republic

There are very few healthcare facilities in the Central African Republic. Facilities in Bangui are very basic. Strikes by government workers have affected medical services and hospitals. Make sure you have adequate travel health insurance and accessible funds to cover the cost of any medical treatment abroad and repatriation, including medical evacuation by air ambulance.

FCDO has a list of medical providers in the Central African Republic where some staff will speak English.

There is also guidance on healthcare if you’re living in the Central African Republic.

Travel and mental health

Read FCDO guidance on travel and mental health. There is also mental health guidance on TravelHealthPro.

Orientation briefing: Central African Republic10 / 15

Entry and visas

For other nationalities:
  • Visa-free (14): Benin, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cameroon, Chad, Congo, Côte d'Ivoire, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Israel, Liberia, Niger, Rwanda, Senegal
  • Visa on arrival (1): United Arab Emirates
  • Visa to apply for at the embassy before travel (156): Afghanistan, Albania, Algeria, Angola, Argentina, Armenia, Australia, Austria, Azerbaijan, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Barbados, Belarus, Belgium, Bhutan, Bolivia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Botswana, Brazil, Bulgaria, Cabo Verde, Cambodia, Canada, Chile, China, Colombia, Comoros, Costa Rica, Croatia, Cuba, Cyprus, Czechia, Denmark, Djibouti, Dominican Republic, DR Congo, Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador, Eritrea, Eswatini, Ethiopia, Fiji, Finland, France, Gambia, Georgia, Germany, Ghana, Greece, Guatemala, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Hong Kong, Hungary, India, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Ireland, Italy, Jamaica, Japan, Jordan, Kazakhstan, Kenya, Kiribati, Kosovo, Kuwait, Kyrgyzstan, Laos, Lebanon, Lesotho, Libya, Luxembourg, Madagascar, Malawi, Malaysia, Maldives, Mali, Mauritania, Mauritius, Mexico, Moldova, Mongolia, Montenegro, Morocco, Mozambique, Myanmar, Namibia, Nepal, Netherlands, New Zealand, Nicaragua, Nigeria, North Korea, North Macedonia, Norway, Oman, Pakistan, Palestine, Panama, Papua New Guinea, Paraguay, Peru, Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Qatar, Romania, Russia, Samoa, Sao Tome and Principe, Saudi Arabia, Serbia, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Singapore, Slovakia, Solomon Islands, Somalia, South Africa, South Korea, South Sudan, Spain, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Suriname, Sweden, Switzerland, Syria, Tajikistan, Tanzania, Thailand, Timor-Leste, Togo, Tonga, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, Türkiye, Turkmenistan, Uganda, Ukraine, United Kingdom, United States, Uruguay, Uzbekistan, Vanuatu, Venezuela, Viet Nam, Yemen, Zambia, Zimbabwe

Passport Index Data (passportindex.org), MIT licence. Indicative, for a tourist stay; always check with the embassy or consulate. (17 February 2026)

Work visa and humanitarian permit

  • A tourist visa does not allow you to work: your organisation usually applies for a work or mission visa, with an invitation letter and the NGO's registration with the authorities.
  • It often takes several weeks: have a passport valid for at least 6 months, photos, diplomas, contract and international vaccination certificate ready.
  • United Nations staff travel on the laissez-passer with an official visa requested by the agency.
Detailed entry requirements (FCDO, for British travellers)

This information is for people travelling on a full ‘British citizen’ passport from the UK. It is based on the UK government’s understanding of current rules for the most common types of travel.

The authorities in the Central African Republic set and enforce entry rules. If you’re not sure how these requirements apply to you, contact the Central African Republic Embassy in Paris (in French).    

Passport validity requirements

To enter the Central African Republic, your passport must have an ‘expiry date’ at least 6 months after the date you arrive.

Check with your travel provider that your passport and other travel documents meet requirements. Renew your passport if you need to.

You will be denied entry if you do not have a valid travel document or try to use a passport that has been reported lost or stolen.

Dual nationals

When returning to the UK, British citizens must carry a valid British passport or certificate of entitlement. See Dual Citizenship.

Visa requirements

You must have a visa to visit the Central African Republic.

Applying for a visa

Apply for a visa through the Central African Republic Embassy in Paris (in French). Requirements can change at short notice, contact the Central African Republic Embassy in Paris for the latest requirements.

Vaccine requirements

To pass border control in the Central African Republic, you must have a certificate to prove you’ve had a yellow fever vaccination.

For more details about health entry requirements and recommended vaccinations for the Central African Republic, see TravelHealthPro’s Central African Republic guide. 

Customs rules

There are strict rules about goods you can take into or out of the Central African Republic. You must declare anything that may be prohibited or subject to tax or duty.

There is an export tax on cultural artefacts.

Orientation briefing: Central African Republic11 / 15

Humanitarian coordination

Before you arrive, register with the coordination bodies: they share alerts, cluster meetings and useful contacts.

Clusters: health, nutrition, protection, WASH, food security, shelter, education, logistics, emergency telecommunications and CCCM. OCHA publishes their meetings and contacts in each country where they are activated.

Orientation briefing: Central African Republic12 / 15

Humanitarians on the ground

Organisations hiring in the country, based on open jobs on the site:

ONU · 9WV · 5MdM · 2CCO · 2IMPACT · 2ACF · 1UNICEF · 1IMC · 1IECD · 1Street Child · 1

See jobs in Central African RepublicFunding ↗Tenders ↗Train in field security

Orientation briefing: Central African Republic13 / 15

Region by region

Violence over the last 3 months, jobs and passages of official advice that mention the region.

Bamingui-Bangoran : 0 jobBangui : 19 jobsBasse-Kotto : 0 jobHaut-Mbomou : 0 jobHaute-Kotto : 0 jobKémo : 0 jobLobaye : 0 jobMambéré-Kadéï : 0 jobMbomou : 0 jobNana-Grébizi : 0 jobNana-Mambéré : 0 jobOmbella-M'Poko : 0 jobOuaka : 0 jobOuham : 0 jobOuham-Pendé : 0 jobSangha-Mbaéré : 0 jobVakaga : 0 job
Jobs by region · The darker the region, the more open jobs it has.

Bangui

No organised violence recorded over the period.

19 jobs →

What official advice says

FCDO advises against all travel to the whole of the Central African Republic, including the areas of Bimbo, Begoua and Coline, except to the capital, Bangui.

FCDO advises against all but essential travel to Bangui, including Bangui M’Poko International Airport.

Nana-Mambéré

3 events · 5 deaths · 1 civilian

Mbomou

2 events · 4 deaths · 1 civilian

Ombella-M'Poko

2 events · 3 deaths · 2 civilians

Vakaga

2 events · 3 deaths · 1 civilian

Haut-Mbomou

1 event · 2 deaths

Haute-Kotto

1 event · 1 death · 1 civilian

Kémo

1 event · 2 deaths · 2 civilians

Mambéré-Kadéï

1 event · 1 death · 1 civilian

Ouham

1 event · 6 deaths

Bamingui-Bangoran

No organised violence recorded over the period.

Basse-Kotto

No organised violence recorded over the period.

Lobaye

No organised violence recorded over the period.

Nana-Grébizi

No organised violence recorded over the period.

Ouaka

No organised violence recorded over the period.

Ouham-Pendé

No organised violence recorded over the period.

Sangha-Mbaéré

No organised violence recorded over the period.

Orientation briefing: Central African Republic14 / 15

Arrival checklist

  1. Before departure: read the country security plan and your organisation's procedures (SOPs).
  2. Check your health, repatriation and evacuation insurance for this country, including conflict areas.
  3. Vaccines and prevention: yellow fever, malaria and other risks, with a travel health clinic.
  4. Documents: passport valid for at least 6 months, visa or permit, paper and digital copies, ID photos.
  5. On arrival: briefing with the security focal point, register your contact details, get the emergency contact list.
  6. Communications: local phone, radio or satellite phone, call sign and check-in procedure.
  7. Movements: movement rules, curfew, no-go areas, mission authorisations and convoys.
  8. Contingency plan: assembly points, hibernation, relocation, evacuation and a ready grab bag.
  9. Health on site: referral medical facilities, first aid kit, safe drinking water.
  10. Culture: dress, greetings, photos (always ask consent, avoid sensitive sites), relations with the authorities.
  11. Coordination: NGO forum, cluster meetings, humanitarian access and civil-military coordination.
  12. Wellbeing: rest, stress management, psychosocial support offered by your organisation.
Orientation briefing: Central African Republic15 / 15

Sources and disclaimer

This briefing gathers public information to prepare a mission. It does not replace your organisation's security analysis, your security focal point's instructions or the country's authorities.

  • Travel advice: FCDO, GOV.UK, contains public sector information licensed under the Open Government Licence v3.0; layout by Humanitaires Jobs, not affiliated with the UK government.
  • Violence: UCDP Candidate Events Dataset v26.0.9, Uppsala University, CC BY 4.0 licence; provisional data, country and region figures calculated by Humanitaires Jobs.
  • Visas: Passport Index Data, MIT licence.
  • Indicators: World Bank (CC BY 4.0); refugees and displaced people: UNHCR Refugee Data Finder. Latest available year for each figure.
  • Country profiles: The World Factbook (CIA), public domain, last edition (2025-2026).