Orientation briefing in Japan

In 1603, after decades of civil warfare, the Tokugawa shogunate (a military-led, dynastic government) ushered in a long period of relative political stability and isolation from foreign influence. For more than two centuries, this policy enabled Japan to enjoy a flowering of its indigenous culture. Japan opened its ports after signing the Treaty of Kanagawa with the US in 1854 and began to intensively modernize and industrialize. During the late 19th and early 20th centuries, Japan became a regional power that was able to defeat the forces of both China and Russia. It occupied Korea, Formosa (Taiwan), and southern Sakhalin Island. In 1931-32, Japan occupied Manchuria, and in 1937, it launched a full-scale invasion of China. Japan attacked US forces at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii, in 1941, triggering America's entry into World War II, and Japan soon occupied much of East and Southeast Asia. After its defeat in World War II, the country recovered to become an economic power and a US ally.

While the emperor retains his throne as a symbol of national unity, elected politicians hold the decision-making power. After three decades of unprecedented growth, Japan's economy experienced a major slowdown starting in the 1990s, but the country remains an economic power. In 2011, Japan's strongest-ever earthquake and an accompanying tsunami devastated the northeast part of Honshu, killed thousands, and damaged several nuclear power plants. ABE Shinzo was reelected as prime minister in 2012, and he embarked on ambitious economic and security reforms to improve Japan's economy and bolster the country's international standing. In 2019, ABE became Japan's longest-serving post-war prime minister; he resigned in 2020 and was succeeded by SUGA Yoshihide. KISHIDA Fumio became prime minister in 2021.

Civil disturbance and violent demonstrations are rare in Japan. Occasionally, there are pro-nationalist demonstrations that express hostility towards foreign countries. If you become aware of protests, leave the area immediately.

Global travel impacts due to escalation in the Middle East

Escalation in the Middle East has caused widespread travel disruption, including airspace closures, delayed and cancelled flights.

Your travel plans may be affected, even if your destination is not in the Middle East. Before you travel:

• check travel advice for any countries or territories you are transiting through
• check for the latest updates from your airline or tour operator
• review your travel insurance policy for coverage
• monitor local and international media for the latest information and sign up for travel advice email alerts

Before you travel

No travel can be guaranteed safe. Read all the advice in this guide. You may also find it helpful to: 

• see general advice for women travellers
• read our guide on disability and travel abroad
• see general advice for LGBT+ travellers
• read about safety for solo and independent travel
• see advice on volunteering and adventure travel abroad

Travel insurance

If you choose to travel, research your destinations and get appropriate travel insurance. Insurance should cover your itinerary, planned activities and expenses in an emergency.

About FCDO travel advice

The Foreign, Commonwealth & Development Office (FCDO) provides advice about risks of travel to help you make informed decisions. Find out more about FCDO travel advice.

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This guide also has safety advice for regions of Japan.

Terrorism

There is a high threat of terrorist attack globally affecting UK interests and British nationals, including from groups and individuals who view the UK and British nationals as targets. Stay aware of your surroundings at all times.

UK Counter Terrorism Policing has information and advice on staying safe and what to do in the event of a terrorist attack. Find out how to reduce your risk from terrorism while abroad.

Terrorism in Japan

Although there’s no recent history of terrorism in Japan, attacks cannot be ruled out.

Political situation

Civil disturbance and violent demonstrations are rare in Japan. Occasionally, there are pro-nationalist demonstrations that express hostility towards foreign countries. If you become aware of protests, leave the area immediately.

Japan and the Korean Peninsula

The level of tension and security situation in the Korean Peninsula can change with little notice. Tensions can rise after missile tests by North Korea and during the regular South Korea-US military exercises, which take place throughout the year.

North Korea frequently launches missiles towards Japan as part of missile testing, and is likely to continue doing so.

You should follow the advice of local authorities and check NHK World for the latest information. See advice on missile alerts from the Japanese government.

See also travel advice for South Korea.

Crime

Take the same precautions you would at home and get local advice on areas where you might need to be more alert.

Tokyo’s entertainment districts carry a higher risk of crime, particularly at night in and around clubs and bars. Foreign nationals have been targeted for extortion, robbery, assault and sexual assault.

Protecting your belongings

Be aware of your surroundings and keep your belongings in sight when travelling. Place valuables in a secure place such as a hotel safe when you can.

Rape and sexual assault

Rape and sexual assault are rare but can happen. Japanese law puts a high burden of proof on victims to demonstrate sexual relations were not consensual and committed through assault, intimidation or force.

Female passengers travelling on commuter trains have experienced inappropriate behaviour. This includes touching and upskirting – taking photos or videos from below when women walk or stand nearby. Police advise you should shout at the perpetrator to attract attention and ask a fellow passenger to call train or station staff.

Drink spiking and credit card fraud

There are increased reports of drink spiking and credit card fraud. Victims have described waking up with no memory of what happened and discovering large amounts of money billed to their credit card. The amount of money taken ranges from hundreds to tens of thousands of pounds. Risks are higher in all entertainment and nightlife districts across Japan. In particular, the Japanese police have identified the following areas in Tokyo as high-risk zones:

• Kabukicho
• Roppongi
• Shibuya
• Ikebukuro

Most British victims have reported being targeted in Kabukicho, a popular tourist destination in Shinjuku. Victims claim to be approached in English by street touts known as “kyakuhiki”. Do not follow street touts into bars.

You can reduce the risk and impact of spiking by:

• not accepting drinks from strangers
• not leaving drinks unattended or asking a trusted friend to keep an eye on your unfinished drink
• not following street touts into bars
• securing your finances against fraudulent transactions
• only carrying what you need and securing spare cash, cards, and valuables at your accommodation

For more information on drink spiking, and how to reduce the risk, please visit our travel aware website here.

Illegal drugs 

Japan has strict laws around drug use. If the police find an illegal substance in your bloodstream, you may be charged, regardless of whether you consented or were aware of taking the drugs. If you refuse to take a test if asked to by the police, you could be arrested and detained for ‘obstructing police duties’.   

If you take blood tests at medical institutions, they are usually obliged to report to the police if they detect any illegal substances.

Disputes over bar bills

British nationals have been arrested at clubs and bars following disputes with staff and doorpersons over excessive bar bills. These disputes are often seen in the high risk areas outlined above. Ensure you see a menu with prices before you enter a bar or restaurant. Keep track of what you order and confirm the price of admission to clubs on entry.

Prostitution and street touts

Prostitution and street touts are illegal but commonplace, especially in the high risk areas outlined above. Do not accompany street touts to bars or clubs. Street touts often encourage people to enter an establishment by misrepresenting the services on offer. You may incur an entry charge so do not enter on the promise of a free drink or to have a look, as you may not be free to leave.

Laws and cultural differences

Legal system in Japan 

Japanese and UK law are very different. In Japan, you can be arrested and detained without charge for up to 23 days, even for minor offences such as theft or trespassing.

Personal ID

You must always carry your passport or Japanese residence card with you. The police can arrest you if you cannot show proof of your visa or residence status.

Alcohol bans

In general, drinking alcohol in public places is not illegal. However, there are bans on drinking alcohol in specific areas on certain days, for example New Year’s Eve.

Smoking in public places    

Smoking is illegal on the streets of Tokyo and some other cities. Smoke only in designated areas.

Illegal drugs and prison sentences

There is zero tolerance of drug crime and the penalties are severe. British nationals have been arrested and detained for receiving small quantities through the post or if they test positive when the police raid clubs or bars. British nationals convicted of drug trafficking have received sentences ranging from 6 to 17 years and fines of 3 to 4 million yen. Prisoners in Japan are assigned labour or factory work as part of their sentences.

LGBT+ travellers   

Same-sex sexual activity is not illegal, but Japanese law does not protect against discrimination on the grounds of sexual orientation. Same-sex marriages are not recognised, but some local authorities issue certificates of recognition that can be used for civil issues, such as hospital visitation rights.

Shinjuku Nichome in Tokyo and Doyamacho in Osaka are well-known LGBT+ areas.

Read more advice for LGBT+ travellers.

Medication bans

It is illegal to possess or use some common prescription and over-the-counter medicines under Japan’s strictly enforced law on anti-stimulant drugs. Ignorance of the law does not count as a defence. See Health.

Custody disputes  

Japanese family law is different from UK law. Parents may choose joint custody of a child after divorce, or they may choose for one parent to hold sole custody. Access to a child of the non-custodial parent can be difficult. Legal custody disputes can be lengthy and expensive, and rulings to return or secure access to a child may take time to be enforced.  See child abduction, custody and parental rights in Japan.

Public behaviour

Most Japanese people are welcoming and friendly, but can be reserved. Loud, boisterous behaviour may receive negative attention. Showing affection in public is less common than in the UK. 

Tattoos

Tattoos have a historical association with organised crime in Japan. While acceptance is increasing, some public facilities do not admit people with tattoos – for example, public swimming pools, hot springs, beaches and some gyms. Other establishments request you cover tattoos while using the facilities.  

Outdoor activities and adventure tourism

Wildlife 

Bear sightings and attacks have increased in parts of Japan, especially in mountainous and forested areas, including near populated zones.

Follow local advice and alerts, and take precautions if travelling in these areas.

You should

• research the region to learn about the local wildlife
• avoid walking alone in areas where bears have been sighted
• take all rubbish with you, including food waste
• report any sightings to local authorities

Transport risks

Road travel

If you’re planning to drive in Japan, see information on driving abroad and check the rules of the road in the Japan Automobile Federation driving guide.

You’ll need the 1949 version of the international driving permit (IDP) plus your UK driving licence and insurance documents with you in the car. You could be arrested and fined for driving without the correct documents.

You cannot buy an IDP outside the UK, so get one before you travel. You can use an IDP for one year, regardless of its expiry date. See information on driving and the IDP from the Tokyo police.

If you plan to stay longer than one year, see how to apply for a Japanese driving licence.

Hire car companies often have stricter requirements for their customers, such as a year of driving experience and a minimum age.

There are 2 types of driving insurance available in Japan: compulsory insurance (‘jibaisekihoken’) and voluntary insurance (‘nin’i no jidoshahoken’). The compulsory insurance on its own may be insufficient in cases of personal liability.

Drink-driving is a serious offence in Japan, and the legal limit of alcohol in your system is about a third of the UK limit. If you are found to be over the limit, you may get a fine and possible imprisonment. There are also penalties for allowing someone to drink and drive. The passenger could face arrest if the police suspect they were aware of the driver’s alcohol consumption.

Driving standards

Roads are well maintained, and driving is on the left. Watch out for:

• pedestrians crossing roads at green lights, especially at junctions
• cyclists riding on the wrong side of the road and without lights at night
• other drivers braking suddenly

Extreme weather and natural disasters

Find out what you can do to prepare for and respond to natural disasters in Japan. The Japan National Tourism Organisation operates a 24 hours a day, 7 days a week Japan Visitor Hotline for emergency English-language assistance during natural disasters: +81(5)0 3816 2787.

Extreme Heat

Japanese summers are extremely hot and humid, with temperatures often exceeding 35 degrees in July and August. High humidity often makes it feel much hotter. As a result, heat stroke and heat-related illnesses pose a significant risk during the summer months.

The Japanese Environmental Agency publishes a heat stroke index, that identifies areas have a heat stroke alert currently in effect. The website also provides information about heat stroke, its symptoms, and practical advice on how to prevent heat-related illnesses.

Tropical cyclones

In Japan the tropical cyclone (typhoon) season is between June and December, peaking between July and September. The highest risk is in southern parts of the country. Monitor any approaching storms using Japan Meteorological Agency forecasts. Follow the advice of the local authorities and emergency services, including any evacuation orders.

Tropical cyclones in Japan often come with damaging high tides, increasing the risk of landslides and flooding. The dangers increase when an earthquake occurs shortly after a tropical cyclone has saturated an area.

See weather safety tips from the Japan National Tourism Agency.

Flooding and heavy rain

Periods of heavy rainfall are common in Japan, particularly during the rainy season and typhoon season. Intense rain can lead to flooding, landslides, and significant disruption to transport and infrastructure. Conditions can worsen rapidly and with little warning, especially in low-lying, coastal, and mountainous areas.

The Japan Meteorological Agency publishes weather warnings and emergency alerts that identify areas currently at risk from heavy rain, flooding, and landslides. The website also provides information on severe weather hazards, evacuation guidance, and practical advice on how to stay safe during periods of heavy rainfall.

Earthquakes and tsunamis

Japan is in a major earthquake zone. The Japan Meteorological Agency provides a list of helpful apps and websites in the event of disaster . See further earthquake safety tips from the Japan National Tourism Agency. 

Monitor earthquake information, including tsunami and aftershock warnings, from the Japan Meteorological Agency. See further news on earthquakes at NHK World. 

Take note of instructions in hotel rooms and at train stations and follow the advice of local authorities.

Volcanic eruptions

There are several active volcanoes in Japan. Monitor local media reports and follow the advice of local authorities. Check for volcano warnings from the Japanese Meteorological Agency. See volcano safety tips from the Japan National Tourism Agency.

This section has safety advice for regions of Japan. It only covers regions where FCDO has specific advice.

You should also read FCDO’s overall travel advice and safety and security advice.

Fukushima  

There is a restricted area around the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant where only authorised persons can enter. Areas where evacuation orders are ready to be lifted are still subject to some restrictions – for example, visitors are not allowed to stay overnight. Follow local guidance.

The Japanese authorities carry out comprehensive checks to monitor radiation in the area around Fukushima Daiichi and to monitor possible contamination of water and food and produce. They impose strict controls where necessary.

Although the decommissioning of the Fukushima Daiichi site and full clean-up of the surrounding area will take many years, the risks are gradually declining.

Before you travel check that:

• your destination can provide the healthcare you may need
• you have appropriate travel insurance for local treatment or unexpected medical evacuation

This is particularly important if you have a health condition or are pregnant.

Emergency medical number

Dial 119 and ask for an ambulance.

Contact your insurance company quickly if you’re referred to a medical facility for treatment.

Vaccine recommendations and health risks

At least 8 weeks before your trip:

• check the latest vaccine recommendations for Japan
• see where to get vaccines and whether you have to pay on the NHS travel vaccinations page

See what health risks you’ll face in Japan including:

• dengue
• biting insects and ticks
• pertussis (‘whooping cough’)

Altitude sickness is a risk in parts of Japan. Read more about altitude sickness on TravelHealthPro.

Medication

The legal status and regulation of some medicines prescribed or bought in the UK can be different in other countries.

Read best practice when travelling with medicines on TravelHealthPro.

It is illegal to carry some common prescription and over-the-counter medicines under Japan’s strictly enforced law on anti-stimulant drugs. This includes:

• Vicks inhalers
• medicines for allergies and sinus problems
• cold and flu medication containing pseudoephedrine
• some over-the-counter painkillers containing codeine

Foreign nationals have been detained and deported for these offences. If you’re travelling with medication, check its status with the Japanese Embassy in the UK.

Healthcare in Japan

Medical facilities in Japan are of a high quality, but treatment is expensive. Expect to pay the whole cost of any treatment you receive.

Medical facilities may check your insurance, which could delay your treatment.

FCDO has a list of medical providers in Japan where some staff will speak English.

There is also guidance on healthcare if you’re living in Japan.