Orientation briefing in Syria

After World War I, France acquired a mandate over the northern portion of the former Ottoman Empire province of Syria. The French administered the area until granting it independence in 1946. The new country lacked political stability and experienced a series of military coups. Syria united with Egypt in 1958 to form the United Arab Republic. In 1961, the two entities separated, and the Syrian Arab Republic was reestablished. In the 1967 Arab-Israeli War, Syria lost control of the Golan Heights region to Israel. During the 1990s, Syria and Israel held occasional, albeit unsuccessful, peace talks over its return. In 1970, Hafiz al-ASAD, a member of the socialist Ba'ath Party and the minority Alawi sect, seized power in a bloodless coup and brought political stability to the country. Following the death of al-ASAD, his son, Bashar al-ASAD, was approved as president by popular referendum in 2000. Syrian troops that were stationed in Lebanon since 1976 in an ostensible peacekeeping role were withdrawn in 2005. During the 2006 conflict between Israel and Hizballah, Syria placed its military forces on alert but did not intervene directly on behalf of its ally Hizballah. In 2007, Bashar al-ASAD's second term as president was again approved in a referendum.

In the wake of major uprisings elsewhere in the region, antigovernment protests broke out in the southern province of Dar'a in 2011. Protesters called for the legalization of political parties, the removal of corrupt local officials, and the repeal of the restrictive Emergency Law allowing arrests without charge. Demonstrations and violent unrest spread across Syria, and the government responded with concessions, but also with military force and detentions that led to extended clashes and eventually civil war. International pressure on the Syrian Government intensified after 2011, as the Arab League, the EU, Turkey, and the US expanded economic sanctions against the ASAD regime and those entities that supported it. In 2012, more than 130 countries recognized the Syrian National Coalition as the sole legitimate representative of the Syrian people. In 2015, Russia launched a military intervention on behalf of the ASAD regime, and domestic and foreign-government-aligned forces recaptured swaths of territory from opposition forces. With foreign support, the regime continued to periodically regain opposition-held territory until 2020, when Turkish firepower halted a regime advance and forced a stalemate between regime and opposition forces. The government lacks territorial control over much of the northeastern part of the country, which the predominantly Kurdish Syrian Democratic Forces (SDF) hold, and a smaller area dominated by Turkey.

Since 2016, Turkey has conducted three large-scale military operations to capture territory along Syria's northern border. Some opposition forces organized under the Turkish-backed Syrian National Army and Turkish forces have maintained control of northwestern Syria along the Turkish border with the Afrin area of Aleppo Province since 2018. The violent extremist organization Hay’at Tahrir al-Sham (formerly the Nusrah Front) emerged in 2017 as the predominant opposition force in Idlib Province, and still dominates an area also hosting Turkish forces. Negotiations have failed to produce a resolution to the conflict, and the UN estimated in 2022 that at least 306,000 people have died during the civil war. Approximately 6.7 million Syrians were internally displaced as of 2022, and 14.6 million people were in need of humanitarian assistance across the country. An additional 5.6 million Syrians were registered refugees in Turkey, Jordan, Iraq, Egypt, and North Africa. The conflict in Syria remains one of the two largest displacement crises worldwide (the other is the full-scale invasion of Ukraine).

On 8 December 2024, Syrian Islamist rebels captured the capital city of Damascus and overthrew President Bashar al-ASAD. The former president and his family fled to Moscow, where they were granted political asylum. The al-ASAD regime had ruled Syria for over 50 years.

The political situation in Syria can be volatile. Political demonstrations may escalate into violent protests and fighting. Monitor the media for information about possible demonstrations and be alert to local and regional developments, which may trigger public disturbances.

There may be risks to your safety, including detention, if you take part in political  activity in Syria.

Your travel insurance could be invalidated if you travel against advice from the Foreign, Commonwealth & Development Office (FCDO).

FCDO advises against all travel to Syria

FCDO advises against all travel to Syria due to unpredictable security conditions and the threat of terrorist attacks.

UK government support

Consular support is not available from the British government from within Syria. The FCDO may become aware of support provided by other organisations which can be shared with British nationals. If you need help, call the FCDO in London on +44 (0)20 7008 5000.

Regional tensions

The context in the Middle East remains deeply unpredictable and the risk of sudden escalation is high. Since conflict began in early 2026, Iran has stated its intention to target locations associated with the US and Israel, including, but not limited to, organisations, businesses, facilities, and institutions. There have been strikes and retaliatory attacks by Iran and others across the region against civilian and US military infrastructure. 

British nationals in, or planning to travel through, the Middle East should be prepared for possible flight cancellations, airspace closures, and travel disruptions. You should:

• read If you’re affected by a crisis abroad - GOV.UK. This includes guidance on “how to prepare for a crisis” with suggestions on what you might include in your emergency supplies and “what to do in a crisis”  

• sign up to FCDO Travel Advice email alerts

• follow advice from the local authorities 

• monitor local and international media for the latest information, including updates relating to airports and airspace which could close at short notice 

• stay away from areas around security or military facilities  

• keep your departure plans under review, and ensure your travel documents are up to date 

• if advised to take shelter, stay indoors or find the nearest safe building or designated shelter. An interior stairwell or a room with as few external walls or windows as possible may provide additional protection. The greatest risk is from falling debris caused by intercepts, and you are safest inside a secure structure. Do not approach or touch any drone or missile fragments or unusual objects

Travel insurance

If you choose to travel against FCDO advice, research your destinations and get appropriate travel insurance. Insurance should cover your itinerary, planned activities and expenses in an emergency. Have robust security arrangements and contingency plans in place.

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Terrorism

There is a high threat of terrorist attack globally affecting UK interests and British nationals, including from groups and individuals who view the UK and British nationals as targets. Stay aware of your surroundings at all times. 

UK Counter Terrorism Policing has information and advice on staying safe and what to do in the event of a terrorist attack. Find out how to reduce your risk from terrorism while abroad.

Terrorism in Syria                

Terrorists are very likely to try to carry out attacks in Syria.

There are multiple terrorist groups operating in Syria. There have been several terrorist attacks across Syria, including in major cities, resulting in large numbers of casualties. Daesh, also known as ISIL/ISIS, continues to carry out regular attacks all across Syria, including in Damascus. Terrorist groups continue to post a significant threat to civilians in Syria and have shown they can carry out coordinated attacks against civilian targets.

Examples of previous significant attacks include:

• on 7 July 2026, two improvised explosive devices detonated outside the Four Seasons hotel and Ministry for Tourism in Damascus, killing at least one person and injuring 36 others
• on 2 July 2026, an improvised explosive device detonated inside a crowded café in central Damascus, killing at least nine people and injuring 22 others
• on 2 June 2025, an attack in the Greek Orthodox Church of Prophet Elias, Damascus, killed at least 30 people

Foreign nationals, including British nationals, and the places they frequently visit could be considered legitimate targets. This includes:

• military sites, security forces and institutions
• government buildings and embassies
• public transport and transport hubs, such as airports
• border crossings
• public squares and other crowded places
• religious sites and ceremonies, and places of worship
• hotels, cafes and restaurants
• commercial venues, including markets and stores
• residential buildings and compounds
• sports venues and stadiums

Attacks could also target:

• oil facilities
• political offices and events
• police stations
• maritime facilities
• hospitals, schools and universities

Types of attacks include shootings, large-scale co-ordinated bombings designed to cause mass casualties, suicide bombs, vehicle bombs, rockets and mortars.

Take particular care during periods of national or religious significance and on public holidays.

Terrorist kidnap

There is a very high threat of kidnapping from terrorists throughout Syria including from Al-Qaeda (AQ) affiliated groups and Daesh, formerly known as ISIL/ISIS. Terrorist groups operating in Syria routinely use kidnapping as a tactic for financial or political gain. There have been a number of kidnappings, including of British nationals and other westerners. Some hostages have been killed.

British nationals  are seen as legitimate targets, including British  officials, tourists, humanitarian aid workers, journalists, students and business travellers. If you are kidnapped, the reason for your presence is unlikely to protect you or secure your safe release.

The long-standing policy of the British government is not to make substantive concessions to hostage takers. The British government considers that paying ransoms and releasing prisoners builds the capability of terrorist groups and finances their activities. This can, in turn, increase the risk of further hostage-taking. The Terrorism Act (2000) makes payments to terrorists illegal.

Security situation

The situation in Syria remains volatile. Fighting and violence may occur around the country and is highly unpredictable. This includes artillery and airstrikes. Some areas within Syria are controlled by local armed groups, and are not under control of the Syrian government, particularly in Suwayda province in southern Syria.

Fighting has, at various times, led to the temporary suspension of commercial flights, road closures, and the closure of some border crossings. Curfews may be imposed across the country.

Political activity

The political situation in Syria can be volatile. Political demonstrations may escalate into violent protests and fighting. Monitor the media for information about possible demonstrations and be alert to local and regional developments, which may trigger public disturbances.

There may be risks to your safety, including detention, if you take part in political  activity in Syria.

Journalists in Syria

Journalists and other foreign nationals may be at increased risk of detention, mistreatment, or harassment by armed groups and security forces. Security forces may also confiscate phones, cameras and other recording equipment.

Unexploded Weapons

Landmines and other unexploded weapons remain from the Syrian conflict. While highly populated areas and major routes are largely clear, there remains a risk in less populated and rural areas. Do not step off roads and paved areas without an experienced guide. Take care near:

• the former lines of conflict
• the edge of roads
• the open countryside
• destroyed or abandoned buildings (including in towns)
• neglected land
• untarred roads
• woods and orchards
• The Syrian desert

Basic services

There is a humanitarian crisis in Syria. Public infrastructure and services have been seriously affected by the conflict including lack of water, sanitation and health services. Electricity, internet and cellular services are intermittent in many parts of the country. Food supplies are extremely limited and what is available is often prohibitively expensive. It is often difficult to get or pay for basic goods and services, including food and fuel.

Sanctions

Since the fall of the Assad regime, the UK has removed sanctions on some sectors, though some remain. See the Office of Financial Sanctions Implementation, HM Treasury, and UK sanctions on Syria for more information.

Crime

The humanitarian crisis and instability has led to a rise in crime in most areas in the country, including petty crime, violent robbery, carjacking and kidnapping.

Criminal kidnapping

There continues to be a risk of criminal kidnap for ransom. Foreign nationals, including Westerners, may be considered lucrative targets.

Laws and cultural differences

Religion

Syria is a multi-faith country. Alongside the majority Sunni population, there are large practising Shia, Christian, Druze and Alawite communities, as well as other smaller sects and religions. Divisions along sectarian lines continue and flashes of sectarian violence are likely. Communities have been displaced and levels of religious tolerance can vary considerably. There are restrictions on unlicensed political activity and political parties are banned under the new authorities in Damascus.

Personal ID

You must carry copies of your passport photo page and visa for identification.

Illegal drugs penalties

There are severe penalties for drug offences in Syria. The penalty for drug possession is life imprisonment, and the death penalty applies for drug trafficking.

Money

As a result of the 14-year  conflict, there are restrictions on financial transactions in Syria and limitations on cash withdrawals in country. Prices for certain items may be listed in US dollar. There is minimal or no use of electronic payment systems to purchase goods.

Ramadan

Ramadan is a holy month for Muslims. The dates vary by year and country. During this time, you should:           

• check opening hours of shops and restaurants
• be aware that if hotels and restaurants are providing food or drink in fasting hours, they may separate you from Muslim  guests, for example with screens
• follow local dress codes – clothing that does not meet local dress codes may cause more offence at this time
• be aware that fasting can cause tiredness, particularly during the later afternoon and early evening
• be patient and show tolerance

Transport risks

Road travel

Road travel is very dangerous in many parts of the country due to lack of road maintenance,   the fragile security situation and unexploded weapons.

Driving standards and traffic systems are poor, and the accident rate is high. Driving at night is particularly dangerous.

If you are driving a car and are involved in an accident with a pedestrian, it is likely you’ll be held legally responsible.

Road networks may be blocked without warning. There are security force checkpoints on major road routes.

Air travel

There are a limited number of international flights operating to and from Syria. Fighting has, at various times, led to the temporary suspension of commercial flights and closure of airports. Damascus airport and Aleppo airport are currently operating with some international flights. Other airports remain closed.

Extreme weather and natural disasters

Find out what you can do to prepare for and respond to extreme weather and natural hazards.

Earthquakes

Earthquakes are a risk in Syria. These can be high magnitude, cause damage to infrastructure and put lives at risk. The US Federal Emergency Management Agency website has advice about what to do before, during and after an earthquake.

Before you travel check that:

• your destination can provide the healthcare you may need
• you have appropriate travel insurance for local treatment or unexpected medical evacuation

This is particularly important if you have a health condition or are pregnant.

Emergency medical number

Emergency services in Syria have been severely impacted due to the 14-year conflict and could be unresponsive.

Contact your insurance company quickly if you’re referred to a medical facility for treatment. 

Vaccine recommendations and health risks

At least 8 weeks before your trip:

• check the latest vaccine recommendations for Syria
• see where to get vaccines and whether you have to pay on the NHS travel vaccinations page

See what health risks you’ll face in Syria, including:

• cholera
• malaria

Altitude sickness is a risk in parts of Syria. Read more about altitude sickness on TravelHealthPro.

Medication

The legal status and regulation of some medicines prescribed or bought in the UK can be different in other countries.

Read best practice when travelling with medicines on TravelHealthPro.

Healthcare in Syria

The quality of healthcare has deteriorated significantly due to conflict. Health facilities have been destroyed or damaged, many hospitals and clinics are no longer operating and there are shortages of even the most basic medicines and medical supplies. There are regular outbreaks of infectious diseases across the country. This is particularly true in rural areas.

Travel and mental health

Read FCDO guidance on travel and mental health. There is also mental health guidance on TravelHealthPro.