- Coordinate several sites and out-of-camp displaced people with common tools.
- Prevent and respond to forced evictions in accordance with the law.
- Support the closure of sites towards durable solutions.
1Multi-site coordination
Beyond a single site, CCCM coordination is organised at area level: site mapping (number, type, population, land tenure, management agency), joint monitoring with the same indicators, consolidated gap analysis and prioritisation of sites without a site manager. DTM and site monitoring data feed into the response plan and the humanitarian needs overview.
Sites that are too small or too numerous to each have an agency are covered by mobile site management, and neighbourhoods where displaced people and hosts live together by area-based approaches, in liaison with local authorities. The aim is equitable service, not only in large, visible camps.
2Preventing and responding to evictions
In many contexts, eviction is the primary risk for spontaneous sites and collective centres. Prevention starts with land tenure monitoring: land status, written agreements, duration, any compensation. An alert system records threats and incidents, site by site.
Under the Guiding Principles on Internal Displacement and the United Nations principles on evictions, any relocation must include genuine consultation, reasonable notice, examination of alternatives, no violence and adequate rehousing. The CCCM cluster acts with the Protection cluster and the Housing, Land and Property (HLP) working group: mediation, advocacy, legal support, planning a dignified relocation if it is unavoidable.
3Preparing site closure
Responsible closure follows several steps: regular intentions surveys, information on return areas (go-and-see visits, information sessions), a closure plan shared with the authorities and residents, support for transport and return packages, attention to vulnerable people who cannot leave on their own, handover or dismantling of infrastructure and environmental rehabilitation of the land.
Households that cannot leave must not be left without a solution: a closure is not complete until every household has a safe destination of its choice.
4Durable solutions and transition to development
The IASC Framework on Durable Solutions (2010) sets out eight criteria: long-term safety and security, an adequate standard of living, access to livelihoods, restoration of housing, land and property, access to documentation, family reunification, participation in public affairs, and access to effective remedies and justice. The choice between return, local integration and settlement elsewhere belongs to the people themselves.
The site manager contributes by providing reliable data (profiles, intentions, vulnerabilities), making residents' voices heard and linking the site with development actors, local authorities and housing and livelihoods programmes. Durable solutions are a long process, led by the State, which humanitarian actors prepare without replacing it.
Exercise: an area exit strategy
An area has 14 sites (38,000 people), of which 6 are under threat of eviction and 4 are collective centres. Surveys show 50% intending to return, 35% local integration and 15% undecided. Write a two-page strategy: prioritisation of sites, eviction prevention measures, a phased closure plan, support for the chosen solutions and monitoring indicators.
Key points
- Multi-site coordination: mapping, joint monitoring, consolidated gap analysis, mobile management and area-based approaches.
- Evictions: land tenure monitoring, early warning, consultation, notice, alternatives, adequate rehousing.
- Closure: intentions, information, shared plan, support for vulnerable people, land rehabilitation.
- Eight IASC criteria for durable solutions; the choice belongs to the people.
- Durable solutions are led by the State together with development actors.
Further reading: course references
- Norwegian Refugee Council, on behalf of the CCCM cluster (2015). Camp Management Toolkit. www.cccmcluster.org
- Global CCCM Cluster (2021). Minimum Standards for Camp Management. www.cccmcluster.org
- Sphere Association (2018). The Sphere Handbook: Humanitarian Charter and Minimum Standards (Shelter and Settlement, WASH chapters). spherestandards.org/fr/manuel-2018
- International Organization for Migration (2024). Displacement Tracking Matrix (DTM). dtm.iom.int
- Inter-Agency Standing Committee (IASC) (2010). IASC Framework on Durable Solutions for Internally Displaced Persons. interagencystandingcommittee.org
- United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (2024). UNHCR Emergency Handbook. emergency.unhcr.org
Daily quiz
3 questions to check what you have learned. Answer them all to complete the day.